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Tuesday, May 14, 2013

AN OLD SCAM WITH A MODERN TWIST:




The Cake at the Waldorf
 

 Time magazine, in a January 29, 1945 column, printed the earliest known reference to the legend: 

Just As You Say. In Kansas City, a local schoolteacher, home from vacation, dreamed of the dainties she had enjoyed at her Manhattan hotel, wrote for the recipes, concluded, "Naturally, I am willing to pay for them." By return mail, she received the recipes, and a bill for $100.

By 1949 more specific details had been incorporated into the legend. New York City's fancy Waldorf-Astoria Hotel became the villain in the story, and the item it was overcharging for became a fudge cake recipe. From the Mt. Pleasant News (Sept. 17, 1949):


"A Little Falls, New York woman was lunching one day in New York's Waldorf Astoria Hotel. She ordered chocolate cake for dessert and was served the "most delicious fudge cake I have ever eaten." She asked the chef for the recipe and was turned down. But she could not forget the cake and nothing seemed so important as getting the recipe for it. On her next visit to New York she again sought out the chef and this time offered him a $100 bill if he would tell her how to make it. The chef promptly sat down and wrote out the recipe, calling it simply "Fudge Cake". But to the woman who paid such a handsome sum for it, the recipe was named "$100 Cake".


By the 1960s the Waldorf's fudge cake had evolved into a more exotic delicacy: "Red Velvet Cake." The cost of the cake had also inflated to $300. From the San Mateo Times (February 12, 1964):


It seems that a woman from Seattle was dining at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York and was deeply impressed with the cake served to her one evening. It looked like red velvet with the beautiful white frosting. She asked the hotel people if they would send her the recipe. They did but it arrived C.O.D. with a charge of $300. She paid the cost and then consulted her lawyer who told her she could do nothing to get her money back. Since the price of the recipe had been so costly to her, she decided all her friends should enjoy baking and eating this luscious and extravagant Red Velvet Cake.


There really is such a cake as "Red Velvet Cake." The red color comes from food coloring. It has been a popular delicacy in the northeastern United States throughout the twentieth century.

Although there is disagreement about when the Waldorf Astoria first began serving this cake (whether it was before or after the emergence of the legend), it is certain that the hotel never charged a customer for the recipe. By the 1970s the hotel was giving away free copies of a "Red Velvet Cake" recipe in an effort to end the rumor.

Mrs. Fields Cookies

During the early 1980s, Mrs. Fields Cookie Company became the new villain in the rip-off recipe legend. On January 9, 1986 the Chicago Sun-Times reported this version of the tale:

A woman who works at the American Bar Association called Mrs. Fields to get the recipe for its famous chocolate chip cookie. She was told there would be a "two-fifty charge." "Put it on my Visa," she said. Well, she got the bill for "two-fifty" all right - $250. For revenge, she began passing out the recipe to everyone in sight.

The spread of the rumor eventually prompted the founder of the company, Debbi Fields, to respond personally. She posted a notice in all Mrs. Fields's stores:


"Mrs. Fields recipe has never been sold. There is a rumor circulating that the Mrs. Fields cookie recipe was sold to a woman at a cost of $250. A chocolate- chip cookie recipe was attached to the story. I would like to tell all my customers that the story is not true."


The store also promised to reimburse the woman who was charged $250, if she ever identified herself. She never did.

Reportedly Debbi Fields herself, out of curiosity, prepared a batch of cookies based on the recipe that was circulating with the rumor. They turned out to be quite dry, because the recipe (unlike the genuine Mrs. Fields cookies) included oatmeal as an ingredient.
Neiman Marcus Cookie Recipe

In the mid-1980s the legend changed target from Mrs. Fields to Neiman Marcus. In the new variant of the tale, a customer at a Neiman Marcus Cafe asked a waitress for the restaurant's chocolate chip cookie recipe. The waitress told her it would cost two-fifty. The customer agreed and asked that it be added to her already signed bill. Later she discovered she had been charged $250, not $2.50.

Links and References
·         "Miscellany." (Jan. 29, 1945). Time.
·         Norton, Neil. (February 12, 1964). "Sugar 'n' Spice." San Mateo Times.
·         Smith, Marcia. (Sept. 11, 1986). "Bogus cookie recipe puts a chip on baker's shoulder." Chicago Sun-Times.
·         Brunvand, Jan Harold. (Feb. 16, 1987). "Cookie Yarn Crumble

THE OLDEST SCAM:



The History of Crowland - 1413

Crowland Abbey
Crowland Abbey, located deep in the Lincolnshire fens of England, was once a center for medieval religious life. Today, however, it lies mostly in ruins. A few quaterfoil window carvings and undamaged statues provide a sense of the building's former glory, but the abbey itself is less well known for its artwork than it is for an outrageous historical hoax that its former inhabitants once perpetrated.

The abbey dates back to the early ninth century. For centuries monks lived a quiet, solitary existence there, tending their crops and spending long hours in worship. But despite their devotion to solitude, the monks were not immune to the intrusions of the outside world. In particular, they had to guard against a steady stream of legal threats to the abbey property. These threats peaked during the early fifteenth century when a neighboring abbey claimed a portion of Crowland's lands as their own, resulting in a case that was brought to court in 1413. To prove that they had sole claim to the abbey's lands, the Crowland monks presented the court with a volume known as the Historia Crowlandensis (or History of Crowland), that was a string of historical land charters woven together into a general history of the abbey. The History and charters were accepted as legitimate, the Crowland monks won their case, and the abbey, for the moment, was safe.

But for later generations of scholars, the fact that the Crowland monks won their case was less interesting than was the History of Crowland itself, since the document provided a rare written record of centuries of medieval church life. By the 18th century the History had become a widely quoted source for information about medieval monasteries. It was only in the nineteenth century that historians began to realize that something about the History was fishy.

Their first clue was the names. They noticed that the History referred to numerous places and historical figures using fourteenth-century terms, even in passages that were supposedly written in the tenth century. As they studied the document more closely, historians found even more discrepancies. For instance, it referred to monks who had allegedly studied at Oxford University in years before the University existed. It mentioned the construction of a triangular bridge in the tenth century, even though triangular bridges weren't invented until the fourteenth century. And finally, and most bizarrely, it credited the monks of the abbey with remarkable health, for according to the History the monks had regularly attained ripe old ages such as 115, 142, and even 148. Either the History was a fraud, historians realized, or there was something very special in the water those monks were drinking. Historians decided it was fraud.

To the monks' credit, the deception worked, but their luck didn't hold out forever. The next century Henry VIII decided to dissolve England's monasteries. To avert this fate, the Crowland monks tried to win over the King's agents with a gift of sumptuous fish, but this time their ploy didn't work. The abbey was dissolved in 1539.
Links and References
  • Tout, T.F. (1920). Mediaeval Forgers and Forgeries. Longmans, Green & Company. Manchester, United Kingdom.

Monday, May 13, 2013

CYBER CRIMINALS STEAL MILLIONS




LONDON May 2013 (AP) — International law enforcement agencies say the recent $45 million dollar ATM heist is just one of many scams they're fighting in an unprecedented wave of sophisticated cyber-attacks. Old-school robberies by masked criminals are being eclipsed by stealth multimillion dollar cybercrime operations which are catching companies and investigators by surprise.

"We are seeing an unprecedented number of cyber scams that include phishing for financial data, viruses, credit card fraud and others," Marcin Skowronek, an investigator at Europol's European Cybercrime Center in The Hague said on Saturday.

"In Europe, we are generally quite well protected against some types of fraud because of the chip and pin technology we use, but there are still shops and machines around the world who still take cards without chips. And the most popular destinations for this type of fraud are the United States and the Dominican Republic."

U.S. Investigators said Thursday a gang hit cash machines in 27 countries in two attacks — the first netting $5 million in December and then $40 million in February 2013 in a 10-hour spree that involved about 36,000 transactions.  Hackers got into bank databases, eliminated withdrawal limits on prepaid debit cards and created access codes. Others loaded that data onto any plastic card — even a hotel keycard — with a magnetic stripe  A similar scam yielded some 50 arrests this year in Europe during a joint police operation between Romanian police and Europol, Skowronek said.  The operation took more than a year, involved some 400 police officers across Europe and required work comparing bank losses to illegal transactions and then cross-referencing suspects, said Skowronek, who said many national police forces were beefing up their undercover work in the cyberworld to catch criminals.

Investigators found illegal workshops for producing devices and software to manipulate point-of-sale terminals. Illegal electronic equipment, financial data, cloned cards and cash were seized in raids in Britain and Romania.  The group stole credit and debit card numbers and PIN codes by implanting card reading devices and malicious software on point-of-sale terminals. The criminals then used counterfeit payment cards with stolen data for further illegal transactions in countries that included Argentina, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand and the United States.

Some 36,000 debit card and credit card holders in some 16 countries were affected, Skowronek said. The amount stolen was unclear.  Bank fraud, ATM scams and phishing are common in Romania, one of the most corrupt countries in the European Union, according to Transparency International which monitors and measures graft.  Under the late communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu, who was ousted and executed in 1989, Romanians specialized in mathematics and computer coding and criminal gangs have tapped into those skills. The tradition has continued and Romanian school students are more advanced in mathematics than many of their European counterparts.  Nadine Spanu, a spokeswoman for Romania's anti-crime prosecutors, said Saturday she had no statement to offer on the $45 million heist or a possible Romania connection.  Skimming works when criminals place devices on ATMs that copy consumers' card details and leave them vulnerable to fraud. There have been similar cases in the United States and Britain.

The EU is the world's largest market for payment card transactions and it is estimated that organized crime groups derive more than 1.5 billion euros ($1.9 billion) a year from payment card fraud in the EU.  Mike Urban, director of financial crime solutions at Fiserv, a Brookfield-Wisconsin-based company that provides financial technology to banks, credit unions and corporations across the world, says banks have not caught up with the threat of electronic crime.  "Compare this to a physical bank security. If someone walks in today, they're probably not going to get very much money, the dye pack is going to explode, they will be caught on video, they're probably not going to get away with it, and they're probably going to spend a long time in jail," said Urban. "Online, in the cyberworld, we're not there yet."

One security loophole thieves have learned to exploit is the lack of real-time transactions in ATM-speak.  Known as the "Gone in 60 Seconds" scam, thieves deposit money and then make coordinated cash-advance withdrawals in various places — but all in less than 60 seconds so the machines essentially regard all of the withdrawals as one transaction.  In October, 2012,  some 14 people were charged following an FBI-led investigation into the theft of more than $1 million from Citibank using the 60-second scam. The simultaneous transactions at casinos in California and Nevada tricked the system into thinking that they were one transaction. Even on some joint accounts where both partners have cards for the same account, users can often bypass withdrawal limits if the transactions are done at the same time.

"This type of attack might be preventable if ATM networks were able to monitor transactions in real time for unusually large numbers of transactions involving individual cards or cards from the same issuing institution. Unfortunately, that type of infrastructure doesn't exist today, but perhaps it's time to consider creating and implementing it now, especially after this latest attack," said Tom Cross, director of security research at the Lancope, a company specializing in flow analysis for security and network performance based in Alpharetta, Georgia.

Police Maj. Gen. Pisit Paoin, chief of Thailand's Technology Crime Suppression Division, said in a telephone interview Saturday that Thai police have arrested more than 20 suspects involved in the $45 million cyber heist including those from Bulgaria, Bangladesh and eastern Europe.  He said that in the latest arrest in early April, a group of Bangladeshi and Malaysian suspects were using about 50 cards to withdraw cash from machines in Bangkok for a month and took out about 10 million baht ($336,000).

Thursday, May 9, 2013

Efectos a largo plazo de la violencia doméstica


La violencia doméstica se amplia y los efectos que van a veces a largo plazo en las víctimas. Los efectos pueden ser tanto físicos como psicológicos, y pueden afectar a la víctima directa, así como los niños que son testigos de la violencia parental.

Los efectos físicos
Los efectos en la salud física de la violencia doméstica son muy variadas, pero las víctimas se sabe que sufren problemas físicos y mentales como consecuencia de la violencia doméstica. El maltrato es la causa principal de lesiones en las mujeres, más significativo que los accidentes automovilísticos, violaciones o asaltos. Muchas de las lesiones físicas sufridas por las mujeres parecen causar problemas médicos que las mujeres envejecen. La artritis, la hipertensión y las enfermedades del corazón han sido identificados por las mujeres maltratadas como consecuencia directa de la agravada por la violencia doméstica a principios de su vida adulta. Los trastornos médicos como la diabetes o la hipertensión pueden agravarse en las víctimas de violencia doméstica ya que el abusador no puede permitir el acceso a los medicamentos o la atención médica adecuada.

Las víctimas pueden sufrir lesiones físicas (laceraciones, contusiones, fracturas, lesiones en la cabeza, hemorragias internas), dolor pélvico crónico, molestias abdominales y gastrointestinales, infecciones vaginales y urinarias frecuentes, las enfermedades de transmisión sexual y el VIH. Las víctimas también pueden experimentar problemas relacionados con el embarazo. Las mujeres que son maltratadas durante el embarazo tienen un mayor riesgo de poco aumento de peso, parto prematuro, aborto involuntario, bajo peso al nacer, y lesiones o la muerte del feto.

Los efectos psicológicos
Si bien el objetivo principal e inmediato para muchas personas es el daño físico sufrido por las víctimas, el abuso emocional y psicológico causado por los agresores es probable que tenga efectos a largo plazo y puede ser más costosa para el tratamiento a corto plazo de una lesión física. La depresión sigue siendo la respuesta más importante, con un 60% de las mujeres maltratadas informes depresión.

Además, las mujeres maltratadas tienen mayor riesgo de intentos de suicidio, con un 25% de los intentos de suicidio en mujeres de raza blanca y el 50% de los intentos de suicidio de las mujeres afroamericanas precedido por el abuso. Junto con la depresión, las víctimas de violencia doméstica también pueden experimentar trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), que se caracteriza por síntomas como recuerdos, imágenes intrusivos, pesadillas, ansiedad, insensibilidad emocional, insomnio, hipervigilancia y evitación de desencadenantes traumáticos. Varios estudios empíricos han explorado la relación entre la presencia de la violencia doméstica y el desarrollo de TEPT. Un reciente estudio entrevistó a 193 mujeres que declararon estar en relaciones largas, agotadoras. Estos investigadores analizaron la relación entre el maltrato psicológico, la gravedad de la violencia en la relación, y trastorno de estrés postraumático. Los resultados del estudio mostraron una correlación significativa entre la violencia doméstica y el trastorno de estrés postraumático. En cada grupo en el estudio (sólo el maltrato psicológico, violencia moderada, y la violencia severa), las mujeres puntuaron en el rango significativo para el TEPT. En general, el 55,9% de la muestra cumplía los criterios diagnósticos de trastorno de estrés postraumático. En apoyo de la fuerte relación entre la violencia doméstica y el trastorno de estrés postraumático, un estudio anterior, se entrevistó con 100 mujeres en albergues de Australia, cada uno de los cuales había sido víctima de violencia doméstica. Encontraron que 45 de las 100 mujeres que cumplieron los criterios diagnósticos de trastorno de estrés postraumático. Los niños pueden desarrollar problemas de conducta o emocionales después de experimentar violencia física en el contexto de la violencia doméstica o después de presenciar el abuso parental. Las respuestas de los niños pueden variar de agresión a la retirada de las quejas somáticas. Además, los niños pueden desarrollar síntomas de depresión, ansiedad o trastorno de estrés postraumático.

Efectos Sociales y Económicos
Las víctimas a menudo pierden sus empleos debido a bajas por enfermedad como consecuencia de la violencia. Las ausencias ocasionadas por comparecencias judiciales también pueden poner en peligro su vida. Las víctimas pueden tener que mover muchas veces para evitar la violencia. Mudarse es costoso y puede interferir con la continuidad del empleo. Muchas de las víctimas han tenido que renunciar a la seguridad financiera durante el proceso de divorcio para evitar nuevos abusos. Como resultado, se han empobrecido a medida que crecen. Las víctimas no son los únicos que pagan el precio. Las mujeres que han sido víctimas de la violencia infligida por la pareja costos planes de salud aproximadamente el 92% más que una muestra aleatoria de mujeres inscritas generales. Los resultados del uso de servicios de salud de manera significativa mental superior se apoyan en otros estudios.

Impactos en los niños
Un tercio de los niños que son testigos de la paliza de su madre demuestran problemas conductuales y / o emocionales significativos, incluidos los trastornos psicosomáticos, la tartamudez, la ansiedad y los miedos, trastornos del sueño, llanto excesivo y problemas escolares. Esos niños que son testigos de abuso de su madre, de su padre son más propensos a ejercer la violencia grave en la edad adulta. Los datos sugieren que las niñas que son testigos de abuso materna pueden tolerar el abuso que los adultos más que las que no lo hacen. Estos efectos negativos pueden reducirse si el niño se beneficia de la intervención de los programas contra la violencia doméstica y la ley. Los efectos a largo plazo del abuso sexual infantil incluyen la depresión y el comportamiento autodestructivo, la ira y la hostilidad, falta de autoestima, sentimientos de aislamiento y el estigma, la dificultad para confiar en los demás (especialmente los hombres), y marciales y problemas de relación, y una tendencia hacia la revictimización. Otros efectos identificados incluyen el comportamiento fuera de control, convulsiones histéricas, rituales compulsivos, las drogas y los problemas escolares.

¿Cómo son los efectos de la violencia doméstica tratan?
El tratamiento psicológico para las víctimas y los perpetradores puede ser útil en las secuelas de la violencia doméstica. Para las mujeres maltratadas, se recomienda una terapia en la que los roles de género tradicionales tienen el reto y el empoderamiento de la víctima es un foco primario. La terapia individual para las víctimas de la violencia doméstica debe comenzar con un enfoque principal en la seguridad, sobre todo si la víctima está en una relación abusiva. El terapeuta debe evaluar el nivel actual de peligrosidad y mortalidad en la relación sobre la base de los siguientes factores de los que el agresor: las amenazas de homicidio o suicidio, la posesión de armas, depresión aguda, alcohol / drogas, antecedentes de abuso doméstico, y el nivel de rabia . La presencia de estos factores aumenta el nivel de letalidad potencial en el agresor. Además de evaluar la letalidad, terapeutas y abogados de las víctimas debe elaborar un plan de seguridad con la víctima. Un plan de seguridad puede contener una estrategia de cómo salir de una situación peligrosa, la preparación de un kit de seguridad - ropa, medicamentos, llaves, dinero, copias de documentos importantes - y que la conserve cerca de una ruta de salida o con un amigo de confianza, y arreglos de vivienda desconocido para el agresor.

Una vez que se han abordado letalidad y la seguridad, los objetivos a largo plazo del tratamiento de las víctimas pueden ser abordados. Estas metas incluyen ayudar a la víctima a identificar el impacto del abuso de su vida y ayudarles a trabajar hacia el empoderamiento. Las víctimas pueden ser fortalecidos por la recuperación de su independencia y volver a conectar con los apoyos y recursos que pueden haber quedado aisladas debido al aislamiento de la violencia doméstica. Además, los niños pueden necesitar su propio tratamiento para hacer frente a sus respuestas a presenciar o experimentar abuso. Para algunas víctimas, puede ser necesario un tratamiento adicional para tratar síntomas de la depresión, trastorno de estrés postraumático, abuso de sustancias, u otros trastornos encontrados para ocurrir en la presencia de la violencia doméstica.

Los agresores también pueden beneficiarse con el tratamiento, aunque aún no está claro exactamente cómo el tratamiento es eficaz para romper el ciclo de la violencia. Los agresores más se benefician de los programas de tratamiento para agresores, que en parte se centran en la identificación de lo que es la violencia doméstica. Estos programas también se centran en ayudar a los agresores a desarrollar un sentido de responsabilidad personal por sus acciones y para detener la violencia. Los agresores también pueden ser tratados en terapia individual, pero el enfoque del tratamiento deben estar en la violencia. Mientras que algunos agresores y las víctimas pueden tratar de involucrarse en la terapia de pareja para abordar el abuso en su relación, no se recomienda este tipo de tratamiento, mientras que la violencia se está produciendo en la relación. Además, se recomienda que cada miembro de la pareja completar su tratamiento individual primero, antes de comenzar cualquier terapia conjunta.
   
Violencia Doméstica: Un panorama general:
> Efectos de la Violencia Doméstica
Los efectos a largo plazo de la violencia doméstica sobre las mujeres que han sido abusadas pueden incluir:

ansiedad
depresión crónica
dolor crónico
muerte
deshidratación
estados disociativos
la dependencia de drogas y alcohol
trastornos de la alimentación
emocionales "sobre-reacción" a los estímulos
general de entumecimiento emocional
problemas de salud
desnutrición
ataques de pánico
pobre adherencia a las recomendaciones médicas
pobreza
repetida autolesión
autonegligencia
disfunción sexual
trastornos del sueño
trastornos de somatización
relaciones familiares tensas
intentos de suicidio
una incapacidad para responder adecuadamente a las necesidades de sus hijos.

En un estudio de 2009 de la Asociación Médica Americana, se informó de que las mujeres maltratadas tienen mayor riesgo de abortos involuntarios, mortinatos y muertes infantiles, y son más propensas a dar a luz a niños de bajo peso al nacer, un factor de riesgo para la mortalidad neonatal e infantil . Además, los hijos de las mujeres maltratadas tenían más probabilidades de estar desnutridos y eran más propensos a haber tenido un reciente caso no se trata de la diarrea y menos probabilidades de haber sido vacunados contra las enfermedades infantiles.
Mayoría de las mujeres maltratadas que tomen medidas activas para proteger a sus hijos, incluso si ellos no salen de su agresor.

La violencia doméstica puede afectar seriamente la capacidad de los padres para fomentar el desarrollo de sus hijos. Las madres que son abusadas pueden estar deprimidos o preocupados por la violencia. Pueden ser retirado emocionalmente o entumecidos, irritable o tener sentimientos de desesperanza. El resultado puede ser un padre que está menos disponible emocionalmente a sus hijos o no pueden atender las necesidades básicas de sus hijos. Padres Battering son menos afectuosos, menos disponibles y menos racional en el trato con sus hijos. Los estudios sugieren incluso que "las mujeres maltratadas pueden utilizar estrategias de crianza más punitivas o exhibir la agresión hacia sus hijos." Cuando los niños no pueden depender de sus padres o cuidadores - apoyo emocional y ayuda práctica - su desarrollo puede verse seriamente retrasado o, en casos graves, distorsiona de forma permanente. Los niños sin un padre emocionalmente disponibles pueden retirarse de las relaciones y actividades sociales. Desde la infancia es el momento en que se aprenden las habilidades y actitudes sociales, la violencia doméstica puede afectar a su capacidad para formar relaciones para el resto de sus vidas.

Los padres que han sido traumatizados por la violencia tienen que hacer frente a su propio trauma antes de que sean capaces de ayudar a sus hijos.

Por favor, ayudar a detener esta violencia está yendo de las manos-Birdy.


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