Translate

Monday, December 24, 2018

Saeed Qashash - (1979 - 1999)

On June 10, 1998, Saeed shot amd killed 11 members of his family and a family friend, in Jordan. He was executed by hanging in his prison cell on June 6, 1999, he claimed that he murdered 12 members of his family after they criticize him for his failure in secondary school exams.

Qashash was executed by hanging in his prison cell.

Saeed Qashash a 20-year-old Jordanian was executed shortly before dawn at Swaqa Prison, 60 miles south of the capital, Amman. Qashash was sentenced November, 1998, for gunning down a classmate and 11 relatives, including his parents, was hanged in his prison cell, on June 6, 1999

He confessed to the murders, saying his family had criticized him to pass his final school exams. After the shooting, Qashash hid the bodies behind a brick wall in the basement of his family home. He was arrested days later. In addition to his parents and family friend, Qashash killed his two brothers and four sisters, a brother-in-law and two nephews, ages two and three.

As reported by the Pakistani Business Recorder on June 7, 1999.

AMMAN: Jordan executed on Sunday a young man condemned to death for the slaughtering three generations of his family and a friend, jail officials said. Saeed al-Qashash, who was 19 years old when he committed the crime in June last year, was sentenced in November for shooting dead a school friend and 11 relatives including his parents and two toddlers, ages two and three. Qashash, who said his family had harassed him about passing his final school exams, was hung at dawn at Sawaqa jail, 70 kilometres (45 miles) south of Amman, the officials said.

After shooting the victims in the head Qashash bricked up their bodies in the basement of his family home, but was arrested and confessed two days later. Apart from his mother, 50, and father, 57, Qashash murdered his two brothers and four sisters as well as the husband of one of his sisters, their children aged two and three years old -- and the friend.

Al Qashash executed, repoted December 7, 1999 by the The Jordanian Star

Teenager Saeed Al Qashash, who was found guilty of murdering 12 members of his family including his friend, in June 1998, was executed on Sunday.

Al Qashash shot 11 members of his family: His mother Thuria, his father Amin, sisters Karimeh, Wafa, Mervit, Insaf, her husband and their two children. His brothers Mohammed and Mostafa and victim number 12, his close friend, Atta Shalan. Al Qashash said that his family used to criticize him for his failure in secondary school exams, and he couldn't take it anymore, so he decided to kill them. Minutes before his execution the young teenager asked for God's forgiveness and redemption, and he said that he was sorry that he murdered his family in such a savage way. He was declared dead at six o'clock Monday morning. His family then refused to receive his body and asked the police to bury his corpse.

Motives for latest murders baffle society

AMMAN -Jordanians were shocked last week by the mass killing by a youth of 11 members of his family and his friend. It was reported that the teenager's likely motivation for the crime was a "precautionary measure" in response to the family's threat to kick him out of the house if he failed the Tawjihi exams. But later it was reported that he did it in order to inherit the house and his father's company. The public's immediate reaction towards the incident was condemnation of such a heinous crime. Many described the killer to be "impious and ungrateful" for assassinating three generations of his family. Now people are beginning to focus more on what made him commit such a terrible crime-what are the real motives behind it?

Dr Sari Nasir from the University of Jordan told The Star that it is better to wait and see the result of the investigations, adding that all we can do now is speculate. "Generally speaking, crime is escalating in Jordan, and there are three main causes behind it," he remarked. Society is growing and expanding, and therefore becoming more complicated. Economic factors also play a significant role in rising levels of crime. It is important too, to take into consideration the pressure imposed by parents on their sons which sometimes leads to conflicts between the two generations. "Parents always press their sons to study hard and get high marks, notwithstanding their own desires or abilities," Dr Nasir added.

Commenting on this latest incident, Dr Nasir elaborated, "Undoubtedly his personality must be disturbed and, after being pressured by the family, he might have had a breakdown and committed the crime." Dr Nasir called on the government to pay closer attention to social problems in Jordanian society as they directly affect levels of crime. However, few seem to sympathize with the killer and say that he must be abnormal or suffering from psychological problems.

One analyst trying to understand the killer's motive stressed that many people suffer under oppressive parents or have other frustrations, whether at school or in their daily lives. They are being brought up to be aggressive. "Inside us lies two personalities, the soldier and the philosopher. The first likes to be strong and powerful, while the second prefers to be quiet, romantic and mostly dreaming," he said. "Also, in our daily life, things are complicated and people with heavy burdens and responsibilities become tense and start to lose control over their nerves. In a split second their outrage could turn them into murderers." One student said that many parents force their children to study well in order to pass their exams, a policy often unpopular with the children themselves. A conflict may then arise within the family and reach a stage where issues cannot be settled in a peaceful manner.

Another student sees the conflict between generations as the problem that brought this incident to such a dramatic end. He believes that we have to reform our families and "reshuffle the system", altering our way of life to avoid future massacres of this nature. Poverty, stress or psychological illness may be motives for violent crime, but surely not Tawjihi exams. Nowadays, Tawjihi exams are the source of much sarcasm -a time bomb that could explode at any time. Parents, elderly brothers and sisters are advised to take care of Tawjihi students, or else.

As always, stay safe !

- Bird.

***

Aleksandr Rubel- Juvenile, Serial killer from Tallinn, Estonia

Rubel claims that he was intoxicated on gas vapours during all his murders

Victims: 7: Tõnu Põld, 45 / Aleksei Pavlov, 34 / Jevgeni Shelest, 50 / Vladimir Ivanov, 43 / Olga Voronkova, 53 / Vladimir Kinzerski, 53 / Alice Siivas, 15; by stabbing with knife - hitting with an axe

Convicted as an Adult but Sentenced - As a minor to the maximum punishment allowed by law — eight years of imprisonment — he was released from Tartu Prison on 8 June 2006

Aleksandr Rubel (born 25 December 1980) is a serial killer convicted of six murders in Tallinn, Estonia. Sentenced as a minor to the maximum punishment allowed by law — eight years of imprisonment — he was released from Tartu Prison on 8 June 2006.

The Murders -

Rubel was intoxicated with gasoline vapours during all his murders.

On 19 September 1997, Rubel killed Tõnu Põld (born 1952), a handicapped neighbour. According to Rubel's testimony, he had a desire to kill anybody at that time, and he picked this first victim in the hope that he would offer little resistance.

On 7 November 1997, Rubel's second victim was first stabbed by his father, Andrei Rubel, who stabbed Aleksei Pavlov (born 1963), a guest, four times. According to his testimony, Andrei Rubel had thought Pavlov had been courting his wife. Subsequent to the stabbing, Aleksandr Rubel helped Pavlov into an empty room in the house, where he strangled him and then threw him out of the third floor window. Andrei Rubel was convicted as a participant in this murder, and sentenced to seven years of imprisonment.

Between the 22 and 24 January 1998, Rubel stabbed Jevgeni Shelest (born 1947) to death in the Stroomi Beach.

On 2 February 1998, Rubel decapitated Vladimir Ivanov (born 1954), a random passerby using an axe after asking him a cigarette and five EEK "for gasoline".

On 9 February 1998, Rubel killed Olga Voronkova (born 1944), a neighbour, in the house where they lived - Kopli 100B.

Between 28 February and 1 March 1998, Rubel killed Vladimir Kinzerski (born 1944) in his house.

On 4 June 1998, Rubel killed 15-year-old Alice Siivas (born 22 February 1983) in Paljassaare by cutting her throat.

UPDATE: 15th October, 2018: Rubel is currently paralyzed from the waist down due to being shot multiple times from a child of one of his many victims, the shooter plead dimished capacity, and was never sentenced, all charges was dismissed.

As always, stay safe !

- Bird.

***

Saturday, December 22, 2018

Ahmad Musa Dakamseh:

Mass murderer, 7 victims all Israeli schoolgirls

On March 13, 1997 in Baqoura, Jordan, this Jordanian soldier, using a M-16 rifle, committed mass murder for revenge, he was arrested the same day without resistance. He was tried, convicted and sentenced to 25 years in prison in 1998

In 1997 Jordanian soldier Ahmad Dakamseh shot to death seven Israeli schoolgirls on a field trip. The soldier was sentenced to life in prison by a military tribunal after he opened fire on a group of Israeli girls in Baqoura in the northern Jordan Valley, a small piece of land the kingdom retrieved from Israel under their 1994 peace treaty. Six other girls were wounded in the rampage.

On May 26, 1999, sources at the Jordan Bar Association said that Prime Minister Abdul Raouf Rawabdeh recently told the association's president that the "government may decide to free " the incarcerated rampager. Who

opened fire with an automatic rifle on junior high school girls who were on a field trip to the "Island of Peace" in the Jordan River. Other Jordanian troops at the site shouted "majnoun" (madman) at the soldier and eventually overpowered him.

---

Jordan soldier kills 7 israeli schoolgirls

Six students were wounded by the gunan, who fired from a guard tower

The shooting jolted the mideast, where peace talks have been contentious A group of Israeli schoolgirls was standing on Peace Island yesterday, overlooking the Jordan River and fields of wild yellow flowers, when a Jordanian soldier opened fire with an assault rifle, killing seven students. Six other pupils were wounded as girls dove into bushes and screamed for help.

After seizing a comrade's M-16 rifle, the soldier fired from an observation tower, then descended and chased the screaming junior high girls down a hill, firing wildly. He was overpowered by other Jordanian soldiers, who shouted, "Madman! Madman!" The shooting jolted a Middle East already in crisis over plans by Israel to build a Jewish settlement in predominantly Arab East Jerusalem and a dispute over the amount of occupied territory to be turned over by Israel. The attack came two days after King Hussein of Jordan sent a stinging letter to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu accusing Israel of seriously damaging peace talks with the Palestinians.

Hussein's letter warned Netanyahu that his "deliberate humiliation" of Arabs and "accumulating tragic actions" were leading to "an abyss of bloodshed and disaster, brought about by fear and despair." Some Israeli officials suggested yesterday that the king's letter had somehow motivated the Jordanian soldier. It was not clear whether the shooting was politically motivated; a woman who said she was the soldier's mother told reporters in Jordan that he was mentally ill. The soldier, identified as Lance Cpl. Ahmed Yousef Moussa, was in Jordanian custody late yesterday.

Hussein called the shootings a "vile crime." Speaking in Madrid before he cut short a state visit to Spain and postponed a Washington summit with Pres. Clinton, Hussein said he "never thought it would break the way it did today" when he spoke of violence, "but I was fully within my responsibility to try to warn one and all that we had come too far." The shooting also was "aimed at me, my children, the people of Jordan," Hussein said. The king later phoned Netanyahu, saying he wanted to visit the families of the slain children.

Middle East leaders - including Hussein, Netanyahu and Palestinian head Yasir Arafat - attempted to calm passions by saying that peace negotiations would move forward. Israeli Defense Minister Yitzhak Mordechai, who visited the site of the shootings, called for peace, saying: "Violent words lead to physical violence." Last night the Israeli town of Beit Shemesh, home to the school attended by the girls, was a mixed scene of joy and funerals. About 43 girls survived the attack and were met at the Feirst School, where their parents hugged and kissed them. But only a few miles away, the dead girls were wrapped in white linens and buried throughout the night as grief-stricken parents and friends sobbed in one another's arms.

"This is a repulsive crime," said Israeli Foreign Minister David Levy. "These were innocent children, defenseless children . . . killed by a madman." Levy suggested there was a connection to the shooting and King Hussein's harsh criticism of Israel earlier this week. "Recent declaration created a psychological atmosphere that could lead to such tragic acts," Levy told Jordan's prime minister, Abdul-Karim Kanariti.

Witnesses and wounded children recounted several minutes of horror that marred the sort of two-day class trip that all Israeli students look forward to toward the close of each school year. The shootings occurred about 11:30 a.m., minutes after a busload of students had pulled up to the gate of Peace Island, a small strip of land in the Jordan River that historically had been disputed territory. Israel captured the area in the 1948 Mideast War, but returned it to Jordanian control under the 1994 peace accord. The land, which is two hours north of Jerusalem and still farmed by an Israeli kibbutz, offers spectacular views of the fertile Jordan River valley and has become a popular tourist attraction. Witnesses said the eighth-grade class crossed through the checkpoint and followed a winding, dirt road up the hill. Most of the 50 or so girls - who were between 12 and 14 years of age - got off the bus and walked to the edge of the hill for a better view. It was then, according to witnesses, that Moussa, a 26-year-old Jordanian army driver who patrolled the area, opened fire from a guard tower about 50 yards away.

"He was standing in the tower when he started shooting and then he came down and continued to shoot," said Rosa Himi, a teacher and chaperone. "We screamed to the kids to hide in the bushes and get down and he came within a few feet of us, still firing. Then he really became annoyed because he finished his first magazine [of bullets], but couldn't get the next magazine in." At that moment, according to Jordanian officials, other soldiers wrestled Moussa to the ground. Bloody bodies dotted the hilltop, and several girls who were hiding in bushes used their cell phones and called their school in Beit Shemesh, screaming and crying."Some guy started to shoot on us," said Hila Ivry, 13, who lay in a bed at Poriya Hospital yesterday with a bullet wound to her leg. "All my friends ran and cried for their mothers. My teacher came to help me. She was hurt in the back."

"I saw him," Ivry continued as her twin sister, Keren, lay in an adjacent bed with a stomach wound. "He was with a long gun and he shot on us . . . They [other schoolgirls] ran into the trees and flowers. Many girls were hurt." "The bullets dropped near me," said Yehudit Twito, 13, who wore a peace symbol necklace. "Then I saw more soldiers coming and I thought they were going to shoot us, but they helped us and stopped him when he couldn't change his magazine. We had gone through the gate. . . . They had checked our ID's. We thought it was safe. We didn't think anything would happen."

Deputy Education Minister Moshe Peled said his office is investigating whether the girls should have been allowed to visit such a site during high tensions between Arabs and Israelis. It is Israeli policy for adult escorts on such trips to be armed to protect children in case of conflict. Several students who were interviewed said the Jordanian guards at the gate to Peace Island confiscated at least one weapon from an escort. Seven victims were taken to nearby Jordan Hospital, and of those, five were dead on arrival, according to Jordan's health minister, Dr. Aref Batayneh. The dead were draped in white shrouds and flown to Israel. At Poriya Hospital, just west of the Sea of Galilee, the wounded were treated while parents and teachers wept in the lobby. Four teachers held one another and sobbed when they were told that their colleague, Yafa Shukman, was wounded in the barrage.

"She defended one of the children with her body," said Shoshi Cohen, who teaches Bible lessons at the Feirst School. She said two weeks ago another group of students visited the site with no problems. She added: "But today it's even dangerous to go to the Jewish Quarter of the Old City in Jerusalem." The shootings bore an eerie resemblance to the events of Jan. 1, when an off-duty Israeli soldier, Noam Friedman - later determined to be mentally disturbed - opened fire on shoppers in an Arab outdoor market in the West Bank town of Hebron. Five Palestinians were wounded before Friedman was overpowered by other Israeli soldiers. Arab and Israeli government officials said yesterday it was unclear what effect the seven dead schoolgirls will have on an already stalled peace process. Pres. Clinton, whose administration has been trying to hold peace talks together, called the shooting "senseless." He said, "There's no reason to believe this was politically motivated."

Delivering an eulogy last night at the funeral of four of the girls, Netanyahu told mourners: "If anyone thinks the murder of little girls will bring this people to its knees . . . or that we will relinquish our birthright, holy land and eternal capital, he does not know the strength that exists in each person standing here around me today and in the entire nation." While Arab and Israeli parties called for calm, there was also finger-pointing as both sides attempted to duck blame and gain the high ground in forthcoming negotiations. The relationship between Israelis and Palestinians has been severely strained by recent events, including Israel's proposal to build a settlement for 25,000 Jews at Har Homa and the size of the Israeli withdrawal from parts of the West Bank.At Naharayim, some Israeli witnesses said Jordanian soldiers did not act quickly enough to end the attack and that Jordanian border sentries refused for 40 minutes to permit Israeli ambulances to enter. But senior Israeli commanders minimized the complaints, saying the Jordanians gave medical treatment to the victims and evacuated seven of the most critically wounded - five of whom died - to a hospital in nearby Shuneh. They said a Jordanian general in Amman gave permission for Israeli ambulances to cross the border, along with army troops to search for missing children in the bushes.

May 26, 1999 - Cpl. Ahmad Dakamseh - The Jordanian government is considering releasing a Jordanian soldier who shot to death seven Israeli schoolgirls in 1997. Sources at the Jordan Bar Association said that Prime Minister Abdul Raouf Rawabdeh recently told the association's president that the "government may decide to free."

---

Jordan minister dubs Israel girls' killer 'hero' February 14, 2011

By Ahmad Khatib - AFP

AMMAN — Jordan's justice minister on Monday described a Jordanian soldier serving a life sentence for killing seven Israeli schoolgirls in 1997 as a "hero," drawing an expression of "revulsion" from Israel. "I support the demonstrators' demand to free Ahmad Dakamseh. He's a hero. He does not deserve prison," Hussein Mujalli, who was named minister last week, told AFP after taking part in the sit-in held by trade unions.

"If a Jewish person killed Arabs, his country would have built a statue for him instead of imprisonment." Mujalli, a former president of the Jordan Bar Association, was Dakamseh's lawyer. "It is still my case and I will still defend him. It is a top priority for me," he said. "Dakamseh needs a special pardon. Only the king can issue a special pardon," the state-run Petra news agency quoted Mujalli as saying.

The minister's comments drew a furious response from Israel, where tensions are already running high amid the turmoil in the Arab world that saw long-time Israeli peace partner Hosni Mubarak of Egypt quit office last week. "Israel is shocked and recoils from these comments in revulsion," a foreign ministry statement said. "This call is all the more serious as it came from the minister in charge of law and order. Israel has demanded clarifications from Jordan and has made it known very strongly that the murderer must serve the sentence handed down by the Jordanian court," the statement added. Jordan is the only Arab nation apart from Egypt to have signed a peace treaty with the Jewish state. In March 1997, Dakamseh fired an automatic weapon at a group of Israeli schoolgirls as they visited Baqura, a scenic peninsula on the Jordan River near the Israeli border, killing seven and wounding five as well as a teacher. The attack came almost three years after Jordan and Israel signed a peace treaty. The motives of Dakamseh, who was 30 at the time and a married father of three, were never clear. The then king Hussein cut short a visit to Europe and rushed home to condemn the attack. He later travelled to Israel to offer his condolences to the families of the murdered schoolgirls. And Jordan also paid compensation. Maisara Malas, who heads a trade unions' committee to support and defend the soldier, told AFP he handed a letter to Mujalli, demanding Dakamseh's release.

"We cannot imagine that a great fighter like Dakamseh is in jail instead of reaping the rewards of his achievement," the letter said. Jordan's powerful Islamist movement and the country's 14 trade unions, which have more than 200,000 members, have repeatedly called for Dakamseh's release.


As always, stay safe.


- Bird.

Friday, December 21, 2018

The old man:

The woman sits on the pavement, close to the heating grate. The warmth reminds her of a worn kitchen floor. The oven door is open. Someone yells. She closes her eyes. Footsteps. Some step around her and some brush the edges of her blanket as if she weren't there. Maybe she isn't. She's not sure. A gnarled hand, old but warm and strong, clasps hers. She opens her eyes. He is smiling at her. Do you have a place to stay tonight, ma'am? Can I walk you to the shelter? She smiles back at him. She goes to sleep then, with no more waking up. He stays with her and shows her where to go. There is a boy playing in the rubble, alone in the gathering darkness. Maybe he has nowhere to go, but he doesn't think about that right now. There's a cat here, trying to catch at the old string the boy trails across the ground. Maybe the cat has nowhere to go, either. They're having fun together. A large car waits nearby. Two men have been watching the boy for a while, waiting for it to get dark enough. They open the car doors. Something moves in the rubble that is not the boy. A flash of red eyes. The men close the car doors and speed away.

I never saw the old man while he was alive. I don't take handouts, and don't give them. I work for what I have -- earn every dime. So I like to hold on to what's mine. When I see people begging on the street, I look the other way -- walk right by. Like I say, I never noticed him. I'd been out with friends. Clouds ran across the moon, and a wet fog made it tricky to find your feet. I'd had a few, and was walking to my car, not too fast and maybe not too straight. I was fishing keys out of my pocket when I tripped over something. I thought it was a dog, but it turned out to be a leg. He was sitting on the pavement, leaned up against an old Ford Ranger. Black truck, black tires, dirty clothes ... he was invisible until my foot found him.

"Man," I said, "what're you doing down there?"

"Sorry, Mister," he said in a rough voice, "I need help. Can you...?"

I said something rude and walked on. I was opening the car door when I felt a hand on my shoulder.

"What the--?" I whipped around. It was the old man, staring at me.

"Mister," he said again, "I need your help."

"Back off, or I'll call the cops," I said. I pushed his arm away and got into the car, shutting the door fast behind me. Now, maybe I'd had more than a few. But that woke me right up. I swear I was sober as Sunday when I pulled out of that parking spot. But then, just as I put on a little speed, that old man stepped in front of my car, full in the lights. I ran right into him. Then he disappeared. I slammed on the brakes, breathing hard. I might have hit him. I hadn't felt anything. Maybe this was some kind of scam, but I'm no fool. I flipped the door locks and pulled out my cell phone. I called 911 and said somebody was stalking people in the parking lot. A few minutes later, a cruiser pulled in, lights going but no siren. I rolled down my window and told the guys what happened. They got out with some huge flashlights and started looking around.

"Hey, Mack," one called from the bushes, "check this out."

I thought he meant me and opened my door, but the other officer told me to stay put and walked over to his partner. They talked, shining flashlights into the bushes, then called it in. Then they asked me to join them in the cruiser.

"We found the old man," one officer said. "He's over in the bushes. Dead." I felt the blood drain from my face. "I didn't hit him, I swear. Like I told you...."

"Yeah, we know," said the other officer. "That's what's funny. Our man in the bushes has been dead at least twenty-four hours, maybe longer."

Another squad car and an ambulance pulled into the parking lot. People had been coming out of the bar to see what all the lights were for. The police strung up the yellow tape and told everyone to move along. Then they walked me over to the bushes. It was an old guy, all right, lying curled up on his side, one hand stretched out towards us. Not exactly like the old man I'd seen, but close enough. I didn't say a word.

"Old guy said he needed help, right?" the officer said. "Guess you got it for him. Little late, though."

"Yeah, right," I said. We headed back to our cars.

The bushes across from us moved a little, like someone was standing there. I thought maybe I saw a little flash of reddish light. Eyes maybe. I kept walking.

Have a good New Year as well ….

- Bird

The cabin at the top of the world:

Dr. Andrew Kinard wasn't sure how long he'd been stumbling through the snowstorm when he saw the cabin in the distance. At first he assumed it must be some type of mirage, a hallucination brought on by his exhaustion and the cold. No one lived out in the middle of this barren arctic wasteland; the elements were harsh and unforgiving, far from ideal conditions for habitation. And yet as Kinard neared—his cap pulled down to his eyebrows and his scarf covering his mouth and nose to protect him from the biting wind and the snow that pelted him like pebbles—the cabin materialized out of the shifting curtain of snow and ice. It was perfectly round, made of some kind of maroon stone, its roof tin, smoke puffing up into the air from a brick chimney. Off to the right was a large barnlike structure with an enclosed paddock behind it. There seemed to be other, smaller structures farther off, but he couldn't be sure.

Kinard reached down inside himself, seeking a core of strength and resolve, and forced himself to increase his speed. He stumbled and fell onto the ice that covered the ground like a frozen shield. He wanted so to just lie down and close his eyes. He knew that would be akin to suicide, but his body ached all over, and he felt almost as if death would be welcome at this point. But no, he could not give up with salvation so close. He pushed himself to his feet and continued on. His fingers were beginning to go numb inside his thick, insulated gloves, which wasn't a good sign. A few yards from the cabin, Kinard fell again. He landed hard on his side, knocking the breath from him. His scarf unraveled and blew away on the wind, exposing his face to the frigid air. He tried to push himself up to his knees, but his trembling arms were too weak, and he collapsed back onto the ground. The cold seeped into his flesh until he felt as if his bones were encased in a layer of ice. He turned his head until he could see the cabin, canted to the right due to the angle he lay in the snow. It was tantalizingly close, and yet he knew he'd never reach it. The snow would cover his body, and he would be entombed in a coffin of ice. Flickering light spilled onto the ground ahead of him as someone opened the door to the cabin. He could not see the person; they were only a bulky shadow outlined by the light behind them. Feeling his strength siphoned away like water down a drain, Kinard shut his eyes, ice encrusting the lashes, and surrendered to the darkness. Distantly he heard a crunching—Footsteps in the snow, he thought, but the thought seemed unimportant to him—and felt hands gripping him beneath his arms, dragging him through the snow.

In his disoriented state, Kinard imagined it was Death itself, carrying him over into the afterlife. The idea did not distress him as much as he would have thought it might. His survival instinct had been frozen along with the rest of him. But when the ice melted from Kinard's eyes, finally allowing him to open them again, he found himself not in any chamber of heaven or hell. Instead, he was lying on a narrow bed—really more of a cot—with a fuzzy white blanket atop him. He was in a large, round room full of simple, wooden furniture, a fire blazing bright and hot from a stone hearth. An elderly woman, plump, with rosy cheeks and pure white hair pulled into a bun at the nape of her neck, sat next to the bed, holding a steaming cup in her hands. Surely this was not the woman who had dragged him to safety. Kinard opened his mouth to speak, but his lips were so severely chapped that they cracked open and blood began to dribble down his chin. He looked down at his hands curled on top of the coverlet and was frightened by what he saw. They were raw and blue, hooked into claws. He tried to move them and found he couldn't.

"Doctor," Kinard croaked to the old woman, his throat feeling like it was full of broken glass. "Frostbite. May be too late already. Need doctor."

"Nonsense," the old woman said with a gentle smile. "All you need is a bit of Sandra's homemade cider." She held the cup up to Kinard's bleeding lips. "Go on now, take a sip. It'll make it all better."

Kinard did not have the strength to argue. He parted his lips and felt something hot and creamy pour into his mouth and down his throat. It tasted like honeysuckle, its sweetness soothing his sore throat and warming him from the inside out. The cup returned to his lips, and he drank deep, gulping the nectar. When the cup was dry, he licked his lips and was surprised to find them smooth and whole again. He glanced at his hands with consternation. The color had returned to his skin, and he flexed his hands, finding the fingers moved easily and without pain.

"How are you feeling now?" the old woman asked. "Better?"

"Much. Thank you. What was in that?"

"Just an old family recipe. You're just lucky I found you outside before you froze to death."

Kinard started to sit up against the headboard, but the room began to spin, and he slumped back onto the mattress.

"Don't try to get up just yet," the old woman said, clucking her tongue against the roof of her mouth. "You'll need to rest awhile to regain your full strength. The dizziness will pass in time."

"Who are you?" Kinard said. With the firelight blazing behind her, illuminating her hair, he thought the old woman looked very much like an angel.

With a girlish giggle, the woman said, "I am Sandra."

"Andrew, Andrew Kinard. You live out here alone, Sandra?"

"Oh, no, I live here with my husband as well as his workers."

"Workers?"

"Yes, my husband runs his own business."

"From the middle of the arctic?"

"He likes his privacy. Tell me, Andrew Kinard, what circumstances brought you to our doorstep?"

"I'm an archeologist," Kinard explained. "I'm a member of a team that was sent here to unearth some ruins that were recently discovered."

"Ruins?" Sandra said, leaning forward with interest. "Around here?"

"Yes. We found what appeared to be a primitive village of some kind. There was a large habitat—surrounded by other, smaller quarters—and what we surmise to have been a workshop of some kind, with fragments of what look to be children's toys made of wood and stone. We also found the remains of a stable, suggesting the villagers kept animals of some kind."

"Ah, the old homestead."

"Uhm, no," Kinard said, frowning up at the strange old woman. "We estimate the ruins to be hundreds of years old, perhaps as much as a thousand."

With another of her smiles, Sandra patted his leg through the coverlet and said, "How about I make you a bowl of soup?"

"I don't want to put you to any trouble."

"No trouble at all. I was about to fix some for my husband anyway."

"Where is your husband?"

"Working. He'll be home soon." Sandra took a large, deep black pot—Looks like a witch's cauldron, Kinard thought—and placed it over the fire. While she worked at preparing the soup, Kinard took another look around at the cabin.

It was rustic and sparse. There were a few wooden chairs, a rocker, a wooden table, a threadbare round rug in the center of the space, and another narrow bed like the one Kinard presently occupied. The only light came from the fire, filling the room with dancing shadows. There were a few windows, but the glass seemed thin, and there was no insulation around them. As harsh as the wind was outside, the cold should really have been seeping into the house; the fire alone should have been unable to combat it. And yet the house was warm, cozy, the heat almost stifling. "The soup will be ready in just a bit," Sandra said, stirring with a large wooden spoon. "While we wait, why don't you tell me how you ended up here?"

"I told you, I'm working with a team to—"

"Yes, yes, I know that, dear. But your team is not with you now. How did you end up all by yourself, wandering around in this storm?"

"Well, I'm not really sure about that myself. We were finishing up for the day, gathering our supplies and preparing to head back to the tents. We were furnished with special insulated tents and portable battery-operated heaters for this expedition. I was bringing up the rear when I heard a noise. Sounded like a voice. I turned and squinted through the snow, and I saw what I thought was a child running away from the site."

"A child?"

"Yes, at least that's what I thought I saw. I yelled for the others, but they could not hear me above the storm, so I pursued the child on my own."

"How very brave of you."

"How very foolish, is more like it. I ran after the child, and I kept catching glimpses through the snow of a green jacket and red cap. Eventually I lost sight of the child altogether, and knowing nothing else I could do, I turned back toward the camp. In this whiteout, however, I quickly lost all sense of direction. I don't know how long I wandered around out there before happening across your cabin."

"I'm just grateful you did," Sandra said, ladling soup into a wooden bowl. "Any longer, and I fear even my cider would not have been able to revive you."

Kinard took the soup, blew on a spoonful to cool it, then swallowed it. The soup itself looked like nothing so much as hot water, but its taste was a wonderful mixture of flavors. He tasted oranges and apples, salty nuts, a hint of smoked turkey and possibly ham, and there was even a suggestion of sweet potato pie. It was like an entire Christmas feast in a single spoonful.

"This is delicious," Kinard said. He sat up against the headboard now without getting dizzy. Staring at one of the windows, listening to the wind howl outside, he sighed and said, "I fear the child I saw—if indeed I did see one—could not possibly have survived the elements."

"Well," Sandra said, biting on her lips and looking guilty, "I think perhaps you saw Edwin."

"Edwin?"

"Yes, one of my husband's workers. He likes to wander."

"No, the person I saw was much too small to be a man."

Sandra opened her mouth to say something, but then the cabin door blew open, the wind catching it and slamming it against the inside wall. A man walked in, stomping his black boots on the floor to dislodge the ice and snow that clung to them, and shut the door behind him. Kinard stared at the man, his mouth agape. The man—Sandra's husband, Kinard assumed—was tall and large, a rotund belly bulging against the front of his red jacket with white fur trim. He removed his pointy red cap, revealing a bald head. The lower part of his face was obscured by a thick beard as white as his wife's hair. His nose was bulbous and red, his eyes squinty and twinkling in the firelight. He looked exactly like the common conception of—

"Santa," Sandra exclaimed, rushing to her husband and throwing her arms around his neck. "I'm so glad you're home. There's someone here I want you to meet."

***

"Well, Andrew," Santa said, peeling off his red jacket to reveal a plain white T-shirt underneath, "I hope the Mrs. has made you feel at home."

"Uhm, yes," Kinard stammered. "She's taken very good care of me."

"A natural caretaker, that's my Sandra. I see she's fed you already."

"Yes, the soup was amazing. Best thing I've ever tasted."

"You should try her meatloaf," Santa said with a laugh, placing his hands over his stomach as the waves of laughter rolled through him, making his gut bounce up and down. Like a bowl full of jelly, Kinard thought absently.

"Andrew was just telling me that he followed what he thought was a child through the storm," Sandra said, taking her husband's coat, shaking off the melting ice, and hanging it on a hook by the door.

"Ah, Edwin," Santa said with a nod. "He went out wandering earlier."

"I'm sorry," Kinard said, "but your wife tells me that you run your own business."

Santa smiled and said, "Really more of a calling, but yes."

"What kind of business is it, if I may ask?"

"Mass production, distribution. The elves and I run the workshop for most of the year, preparing for the Christmas rush."

"Workshop?"

"Yes, the toy workshop."

Kinard laughed uneasily and said, "I'm afraid I'm missing the joke."

"What joke?"

"Santa's workshop. Located at the North Pole. I suppose you're going to tell me that this Edwin character is an elf?"

"One of many, yes."

"So you're saying you're the Santa? Santa Claus? Old Saint Nick? Kris Kringle?"

"That's me. In the flesh."

"You realize, of course, that's insane, right?"

"Perhaps," Sandra said, placing a hand on her husband's shoulder, "you should prove it to him, dear."

Santa took the chair next to the bed, the one in which Sandra had been sitting when Kinard had first awakened. When he learned forward, Kinard instinctively cringed back. "Andrew James Kinard," Santa said, "from Salt Lake City." "How—?" Kinard started but stopped himself. Clearly, while he was unconscious, these two had gone through his wallet, which is how Santa knew his full name and where he was from.

"Your mother called you Handy Andy when you were a boy. You wrote your first letter to me when you were six years old. You asked for a wagon and a set of army men. The next year you wrote requesting a model airplane and a puppet. The year after that it was a bicycle. Then, when you were nine years old, you wrote your last letter to me, asking for your father to come back home."

Kinard gasped aloud, he couldn't help it. He couldn't be expected to remember the letters he'd written to Santa Claus as a child, but he did specifically remember the letter he'd written in his ninth year. The summer before, his father had walked out on his mother, moving in with a younger woman. Kinard saw his father only sporadically after that, and he'd felt the absence in his life like a hole in his gut. He'd written to Santa, saying that if the jolly old elf could somehow return his father to him then Kinard would never ask for another gift for the rest of his life. His father had not returned, and Kinard had stopped believing in Santa, long before any adult confirmed that it was only a myth. But how could this crazy old man know any of that? And how did he know that Kinard's mother used to call him Handy Andy? "It was a heartbreaking letter," Santa said, wiping a tear from his eye. Behind him, Sandra was dabbing at her own eyes with a handkerchief. "Not easily forgotten. Such pain in it, such genuine longing. I wish I could have granted your Christmas wish, but alas, I have no power over the human heart."

"I'm dying," Kinard said softly, without inflection. "I'm still outside in the snow, freezing to death, and this is some crazy hallucination produced by my expiring brain."

"No hallucination," Santa said with a smile that was as warm and bright as the fire. "Hard to believe, but you are in Santa's cabin."

Kinard laughed, the sound a bit hysterical. This couldn't be happening, of that he was sure. It was a vivid dream, a result of misfiring synapses as he froze to death in the arctic. But if it were, what harm would it do to play along?

"So I must be the first person to ever actually meet Santa Claus, huh?"

"Not exactly," Santa said, rising and crossing to the fire. "It is rare, but people do happen across the cabin from time to time. Although you must be the first visitor we've had in ... oh, how long would you say, Sandra?"

"At least five hundred years."

"Five hundred years?" Kinard said. "So you two are immortal then?"

"Very much so. We were granted immortality by God Himself so that we could provide joy and wonder to children around the world."

"It would have been nice if He'd granted us youth as well as immortality," Sandra said with another of her girlish giggles. "But I'm not one to complain."

"And the ruins I've been unearthing...?"

"We're immortal; our home is not," Santa said. "Eventually things begin to deteriorate to the point that repair seems pointless. When that happens, we build anew and move the operation. You've unearthed one of our old sites."

"Incredible," Kinard said under his breath. He'd had no idea his imagination could be so inventive.

"Say, Andrew, would you like to see the workshop? The stables?"

"Where you keep the reindeer?"

"All eight of them."

"Eight? What about Rudolph?"

"Rudolph is just a fiction. A red-nosed reindeer—who would ever believe such nonsense?"

Kinard laughed again, this time with considerably less hysteria. Now that he wasn't fighting the hallucination, he was actually quite enjoying himself. "Sure, I'd love to see it."

"But Santa," Sandra said, "you haven't eaten your soup yet."

"I'll warm it up after we're done. I want to give our friend here a tour of the facilities."

"Sounds like a plan to me," Kinard said, throwing off the coverlet and getting to his feet. Let's go."

***

Even though he knew none of this was real, Kinard still could not stifle a gasp as he stood just inside the doorway of the workshop. The place was cavernous, like a large warehouse, and it was filled with at least a hundred little people. Most sat at assembly lines as toys ran down large conveyor belts. Each elf would add a new piece to the toy until it came out completed at the end. In the far corner, behind protective screens, some elves worked with blowtorches. There was even a bank of computers, at which several elves sat, hard at work programming what appeared to be video games.

"Things have certainly changed," Santa mused, standing next to Kinard with a hand on the man's shoulder. "There was a time when the elves and I made all the toys by hand. That was a time of real craftsmanship. Nowadays kids are wanting more and more high-tech gadgetry. Do you know what the number one requested item was last Christmas?" Kinard shook his head.

"Cell phones. Kids as young as six and seven were asking for cell phones. Who does a six-year-old have to call?"

"This place is simply amazing," Kinard said, genuine awe in his voice. Before coming into the workshop, they had gone around back to the stables. The reindeer were magnificent, large and muscular, with elaborate antlers that seemed too heavy for their necks to carry, but the animals had moved with sublime grace and regality.

"I'm glad you like it," Santa said, then turned his attention to a small elf with a green jacket and red cap that was running up to them. "Andrew, this is Edwin. I believe he is responsible for bringing you here."

"Hello, Santa," Edwin the Elf said, his voice high-pitched and child-like. To Kinard's ears, the elf sounded like one of those chipmunks from that cartoon he'd watched as a boy. "Did I do good?"

"You did very good," Santa said, reaching into his coat pocket and bringing out a piece of hard candy, which he offered to Edwin. "Very good, indeed."

"Will you be needing me to go back out for the others?"

"I think not," Santa said, scratching his furry chin. "I believe the rest of the team will come searching for their lost member, which will bring them right to my door."

"What are you two talking about?" Kinard said, frowning.

Santa turned to him, and there was something in the old man's eyes that made Kinard take a step back. It was a cunning, predatory look. "You see, Andrew," Santa said, and his voice had the oily slick tone of a used car salesman, "I have not been entirely forthright with you. It was not happenstance that brought you here. Edwin lured you to my cabin, reeling you in like a fisherman reels in a bass." Kinard looked down at the elf, who was preening, smiling up like someone who'd just won the lottery. "Why would he do that?"

"My wife and I are immortal, Kinard, but our elves are not. Oh, they live much longer than the average human, but eventually their little bodies wear out and die. Especially with all the arduous labor I require of them. So from time to time, it becomes necessary for us to replenish the ranks."

"So you're saying, what? That you brought me here to be slave labor?"

"To be blunt, yes. But the work is not without its rewards. You will be helping to bring joy to the lives of the children of the world. That is something truly worthy of sacrifice."

"Well, I've had a lovely visit," Kinard said, backing toward the door. "But I think it's time I got going."

With a wave of Santa's gloved hand, the large double doors behind Kinard slammed shut, and a large lock clunked into place. The elves were leaving their posts, converging on the front of the workshop, an army of little people advancing with a fierce look of determination on their faces.

"You'll grow to accept your position in time," Santa was saying. "Everyone does."

"I'm not an elf," Kinard said, his voice trembling slightly. "I mean, just look at me. Do I look like an elf to you?"

Santa smiled and said, "Not quite yet." He held up a hand and blew, sending a cloud of glittery dust into Kinard's face. Kinard involuntarily inhaled the dust, and he doubled over as a fit of explosive sneezing tore through him. He sneezed half a dozen times, snot and saliva flying from his nose and mouth with the force of each sneeze. When it passed, he straightened up, opened his eyes, and ... ... found himself staring at Santa's knees. He tilted his head back and saw Santa towering over him like some fairy-tale giant. He glanced over at Edwin and saw the elf was now at eye level. Kinard looked down at his own body and gaped at his stubby little legs and stubby little arms. He had shrunk, his clothes along with him, going from a man of over six feet to a dwarf of no more than three.

Santa turned to his army of elves, his slaves, and said, "Edwin, Wally—you two take Andrew and start the indoctrination. I will expect a progress report by morning. I need to get back to the cabin; I sense we may have more visitors already." Without another glance at Kinard, Santa left the workshop. Edwin and another elf grabbed Kinard by the arms and started dragging him across the floor. Kinard tried to break away, but the elves were strong and continued to pull him forward. There was a doorway ahead, stairs leading down into darkness. A foul smell wafted from the doorway....

Kinard was no longer sure if this was all a hallucination, but he certainly prayed it was.

Have a very merry Christmas, ha ha ha.

- Bird

The jonestown massacre and a reason to die (Part II of II):

(Birds Note: These stories are pieced together from news sources outside the United States)

The first reports out of Guyana on November 18, 1978 were that Congressman Leo J. Ryan and four other members of his party were shot and killed as they attempted to board a plane at Port Kaituma airstrip. Within hours, came the shocking announcement that 408 American citizens had committed suicide at a communal village they had built in the jungle in Northwest Guyana. The community had come to be known as "Jonestown." The dead were all members of a group known as "The People's Temple" which was led by the Reverend Jim Jones. It would soon be learned that 913 of the 1100 people believed to have been at "Jonestown" at the time, had died in a mass suicide. According to the official report submitted to the U.S. House of Representatives on May 15, 1979, the chain of events leading to Leo Ryan's death in Guyana began a year earlier, after he read an article in the San Francisco Examiner on 13 November 1977. The article entitled "Scared Too Long" related the death of Sam Houston's son, Bob, in October 1976. Houston had decided to speak out about his son's death because he believed that the reason Bob had died, beneath the wheels of a train, was because he had announced his decision to leave the People's Temple the day before. Houston was also concerned that his two granddaughters, sent to New York for a vacation, had ended up in "Jonestown," Guyana and never returned. Over the ensuing six to eight months, Ryan would hear more about the People's Temple through newspaper articles and from direct requests for assistance from concerned families whose relatives had disappeared into the Guyana jungle to join the "Jonestown" community. There were claims of social security irregularities, human rights violations and that people were being held against their will at "Jonestown."

In June 1978, Ryan read excerpts from the sworn affidavit of Debbie Blakey, a defector from "Jonestown," which included claims that the community at "Jonestown" had, on a number of occasions, rehearsed for a mass suicide. After meeting with a number of concerned relatives, Ryan's interest in the People's Temple became widely known and the reports about the group, both favourable and unfavourable, began to pour in. He hired an attorney to interview former People's Temple members and the relatives of members to determine whether there had been any violations of Federal and California state laws by the group.

In September 1978, Ryan met with Viron P. Vaky and other State Department officials to discuss the possibility of Ryan making a trip to "Jonestown" in Guyana. This request was made official on 4 October. Permission was granted and the trip was planned for the week of November 12-18. Ryan's intention to visit "Jonestown" soon became widely known and the numbers wishing to accompany him had grown substantially. By the time of his departure there were nine extra media people and 18 representatives from a delegation of Concerned Relatives who would go with him, at their own expense. The official party, or Codel, consisted of Ryan, James Schollaert and Jackie Speier, Ryan's personal assistant. In the days of preparation for the trip to "Jonestown," Ryan contacted Jim Jones by telegraph to inform him of his intention to visit the settlement. Through the U.S. Embassy in Guyana, Ryan learned that agreement for the visit was conditional. Ryan would have to ensure that the Codel was not biased, there would be no media coverage of the visit and Mark Lane, the People's Temple legal counsel, would have to be present.

On 6 November, Lane wrote to Ryan and informed him that he would not be able to attend at the time they wanted, and claimed that the Codel was nothing more than a "witchhunt" against the People's Temple. Lane responded with a declaration of his intentions to visit the settlement anyway and that he would be leaving on 14 November. Problems began for the group as soon as they arrived in Guyana at midnight. Ron Javers, from the San Francisco Chronicle was detained overnight at the airport, as he did not have an entry visa. The group of Concerned Relatives, despite having confirmed reservations, had to spend the night in the lobby of the Pegasus Hotel in Georgetown, because there were no rooms available for them. Over the next two and a half days, Ryan met with Embassy personnel and organised a meeting with Ambassador Burke and the Concerned Relatives. He and the family members attempted to speak with a representative of the People's Temple at their headquarters in Georgetown, but could not gain entry. In addition, Ryan was unable to negotiate successfully with Lane or Garry, another legal representative of the People's Temple, resulting in the postponement of the scheduled flight to the mission until Friday 17 November. The negotiations still had made no headway on Friday morning, so Ryan informed Lane and Garry that he and his party would be leaving for "Jonestown" at 2:30 pm. There were two seats on the plane if Lane and Garry wished to leave with them. The plane left as scheduled at 2:30 pm that day. On board were Ryan, Speier, Deputy Chief of Mission, Richard Dwyer, Lane and Garry, all nine media representatives, four representatives of the Concerned Relatives group, and Neville Annibourne, a representative of the Guyanese Government.

At the Port Kaituma airstrip, Corporal Rudder, the Guyanese Regional Officer of the Northwest district, met the plane. His instructions from "Jonestown" were that only Lane and Garry were to be allowed to leave the plane. Negotiations as to who would be allowed entry into "Jonestown" then ensued between Ryan and "Jonestown" representatives who were at the airport. Eventually it was agreed that all but one media representative could go. Gordon Lindsay, consulting for NBC on the story, was denied entry because of an article he had written in the past that had criticised the People's Temple. Upon their arrival at "Jonestown," the delegation was served dinner and entertained by a musical presentation by People's Temple members. As the evening progressed, reporters interviewed Jim Jones while Ryan and Speier talked to People's Temple members whose names had been provided by relatives in the U.S. During the course of the evening, a "Jonestown" member passed a note to NBC reporter Don Harris indicating that he and his family wished to leave. Another member made a similar verbal request to Dwyer. Both requests were reported to Ryan.

At 11:00 pm, the media and family representatives were returned to Port Kaituma as Jim Jones refused to allow them to spend the night on the compound. Ryan, Speier, Dwyer, Annibourne, Lane and Garry were the only ones who spent the night of Friday, 17 November at "Jonestown." Back at Port Kaituma, local Guyanese, including one police official who told stories of alleged beatings at "Jonestown", approached media representatives. They complained that Guyanese officials were denied entry to the compound and had no authority there. They also described a "torture hole" in the compound. The media and relatives were not returned to "Jonestown" until 11:00 am the next day, several hours later than planned. Ryan had continued interviewing members since early in the morning, during which time more individuals told of their desire to leave. By 3:00 pm there were a total of 15 People's Temple members climbing into the trucks with the delegation to drive to Port Kaituma airport. Ryan had intended to stay but was attacked by People's Temple member, Don Sly, with a knife. He was not hurt but Dwyer insisted that Ryan leave with them. Dwyer planned to return to "Jonestown" later to resolve a dispute with a family who was split on the question of leaving Jonestown.

The party arrived at Port Kaituma airport at about 4:30 pm but the two planes did not arrive until about 5:10 pm. The delay had been caused by the unexpected request to the US Embassy for a second plane to carry the extra fifteen passengers. Soon after its arrival, a six-passenger Cessna was loaded and ready to leave. As it began to taxi to the far end of the airstrip, one of the "Jonestown" defectors on board, Larry Layton, opened fire on the other passengers. At the same time, as Ryan's party were boarding the other plane, a twin-engine Otter, occupants of a tractor and trailer owned by the People's Temple, opened fire. Ryan, three members of the media and one of the defectors were killed. Speier and five others were seriously wounded. The shooting lasted between 4-5 minutes and the larger plane was disabled. The Cessna was able to take off and reported news of the attack to controllers at the Georgetown tower. They in turn notified the Guyanese officials. The attackers left the airport soon after, while survivors of the attack sought cover and protection for the night.

According to the official report, the mass suicide began at about 5:00 pm as the shooting was beginning at the airport. At about 6:00 pm, Ambassador Burke was informed of the shooting. He, in turn, informed the US State Department at 8:30 pm by cable. At approximately 7:40 pm, Guyanese police told Sherwin Harris, a member of the Concerned Relatives Group, that his ex-wife Sharon Amos and three of her children were found dead at the People's Temple headquarters in Georgetown. Word of the deaths at "Jonestown" reached Port Kaituma at about 2:00 am on Sunday morning when survivors, Stanley Clayton and Odell Rhodes, arrived there. At dawn, Sunday, 19 November, the first contingent of Guyanese Army rescue forces arrived in Port Kaituma. More soldiers arrived within the hour. Their arrival later in the morning at "Jonestown" confirmed earlier reports of the mass suicide. The first Guyanese rescue aircraft landed at Port Kaituma, without medical supplies or personnel, at about 10:00 am. All of the wounded and most of the survivors were airlifted from Port Kaituma before nightfall and transferred to US Air Force medical evacuation aircraft in Georgetown.

A time to die -

As Ryan's delegation was preparing to board their aircraft, Jim Jones called the "Jonestown" community together. He explained to them, as if it were a premonition rather than foreknowledge, that someone on the plane was going to kill Ryan. The consequences of this action would be that those political forces that had been trying to destroy the People's Temple for years would attack the people at "Jonestown". The "enemy" would descend upon them and kill them mercilessly. This was not a new threat to the community at "Jonestown," they had lived in fear of an unnamed enemy and destroyer for many years, nor was Jones's solution new to them. He had been preparing them for what he termed "revolutionary suicide" for some time. They had even had a number of practice runs to prepare them for just such an event. A tape-recording of the mass-suicide reveals that there was little dissent about the decision to die. One or two women who felt that the children should be able to live protested, but they were soon reassured by reminders of the alternative undignified death at the hand of the enemy and the shouted support of the group. The poison-laced drink was brought to the hall and dispensed. The babies and small children, over two hundred of them, were first, with the poison poured into their mouths with syringes. As parents watched their children die, they too swallowed the fatal potion. The moments before the final decision to die brought resistance from a few, but armed guards who surrounded the room shot many of them. Of the estimated 1100 people believed to have been present at "Jonestown" at the time, 913 died, including Jim Jones, the rest somehow escaped into the jungle. It is not certain whether Jones shot himself or was shot by an unknown person.

The most puzzling question, which has arisen out of the tragedy at "Jonestown", is how one man could achieve such control over a large group of people to the point that they would willingly die at his command. It would be easy to assume that "Jonestown" was a unique situation that could only have occurred because of Jim Jones's dynamic and charismatic personality, combined with the weakness and vulnerability of his victims. Such an analysis may bring some peace that such a thing could never happen again, but it falls a long way short of providing true understanding of the situation, thereby leaving us all vulnerable to the danger of further tragedies such as "Jonestown" occurring. To properly understand "Jonestown," it is necessary to explore the social and psychological processes that were employed which ensured that such extremes of social conformity and obedience were achieved. They are processes that are common in all social groups, but in instances such as the People's Temple, they were used to the extreme, with corresponding extreme results. Members of the People's Temple had been trained for many years in readiness for the mass suicide that had finally occurred in November 1978. Jim Jones had shared with his followers his paranoid belief that the American government was plotting to destroy anyone who was involved in the People's Temple. Jones's followers were accustomed to looking to Jones for salvation. Over the years, Jones had introduced many outside "threats" to the safety of his followers but he had always removed the danger for them. Time and time again he had rescued them, they had learned to trust this man known to them as "Father."

Jones and his followers had moved to "Jonestown" with the vision to create a completely self-sufficient community based on the ideals of socialism and communalism. Each person would work for the common good, providing food, shelter, clothing, health care and education for themselves. In this community everyone would be equal and could live in peace. It was a noble ideal. One, as Jones would constantly remind them, which was worth dying for. By November 1978, the people of "Jonestown" were ready to die. After many years of input, which had held such action as something to be aspired to, with no input negating such a belief, the members of the People's Temple would have easily seen their own deaths as an act of nobility and dignity.

The visionary -

Over the twenty years preceding the events at "Jonestown," the Reverend Jim Jones's number of followers throughout America had grown considerably, as he drew to himself the outcasts of society, along with those who desired to help the downtrodden and serve those in need. During the early 1960's, Jones preached the need for racial brotherhood and integration, an unpopular doctrine at that time which brought him much criticism from the church hierarchy. To avoid such criticism, Jones founded the People's Temple in 1963, where both black and white worshipped side by side. The poor and society's misfits were welcomed with open arms. Jones's congregation worked to feed the poor, find employment for the jobless and help ex-criminals and drug addicts to put their lives back together. As Jones's congregation grew, so too did the demands he made upon his flock. Greater sacrifices and dedication were required of the People's Temple membership. As criticism of the church's practices increased, Jones relocated to northern California in 1965, along with 100 of his most dedicated and faithful followers. Once in California, the People's Temple grew considerably until there were several congregations, with its headquarters based in San Francisco. To attract new members to his "church," Jones widely publicised his services, promising miraculous healings where cancers would be removed and the blind made to see. Upon arrival, potential recruits would witness a community of brotherhood and fellowship where everyone, no matter their social standing or colour, was treated as equals. Each new potential member was greeted with personal warmth rarely encountered in the more traditional churches.

People's Temple members would stand before the crowd and recount stories of illnesses that Jim Jones had cured for them. To further convince his audience of his great powers he would make predictions of events that would always come to pass, and receive "revelations" about members or visitors, things that only they could have known. Before their eyes, Jones would heal cancer patients and a mass of putrid tissue would be torn from the patient's body. The passing of a severe initiation was required by new members that had the effect of making entry that much more desirable. Something that has to be earned is naturally valued more highly than that which is obtained freely. It also had the effect of creating a much higher level of commitment from members. Each new level of commitment asked of the member was immediately justified by the fact that much had already been sacrificed. To reject the new situation would mean admitting that the previous acts of commitment had been wrong. It is a natural phenomenon that people will tend to prolong a previously made commitment, even when painful, rather than admit that they had been mistaken. The demands made upon a new member were only small and the level of choice was high. The commitment of further time and energy into the organisation was gradual; the desire to do so was increased by the promise of the achievement of a higher ideal. All members were taught that the achievement of this ideal required self-sacrifice. The more that was sacrificed, the more that would be achieved. The new members would gradually come to see the long meetings and hours of work done for the church as being worthwhile and fulfilling. Jones increased his demands on the member only in small increments. At each new level of commitment, any reservations the person may have had could be easily rationalised and justified. By the time Jones's demands had become oppressive, the individual members were so heavily committed that to not fulfil any new demands would require a complete denial of the correctness of all past decisions and behaviour. Just as the demands on a member's time increased gradually over time, so did the level of financial commitment increase. In the early days of membership, giving money was completely voluntary, although the amounts given were recorded openly. By recording the amounts given, an unspoken expectation was conveyed. The new member could choose to give nothing or very little, but knew that his level of commitment was being measured. Over a period of time, the level of contribution was increased to 25% of each person's income and was no longer voluntary.

The highest level of commitment that could be demonstrated was when an individual or family lived at the People's Temple facilities, handing over all personal property, savings, and social security cheques to the Temple. The ideal of communal living was a large aspect of Jones's teaching as being the only truly spiritual ideal. The outside world of capitalism and individualism was seen as evil and destructive. Forces of that evil system would see the ideals and achievements of the People's Temple as a threat to its own stability and thereby want to destroy it. Through such teachings, Jones was able to create the illusion that the only place of safety and comfort was the People's Temple. The member saw any criticism of the church from the outside as being untrustworthy and proof of what Jones had taught. From the earliest stages of their indoctrination each member was taught that the achievement of a higher spirituality would require a struggle against their own weaknesses. Any areas of resistance an individual harboured against the church were quickly suppressed as being an indication of that person's lack of faith. Jones would regularly bring critics before the assembly and chastise them for their 'unbelief.' He would then require other members of the group to mete out the necessary punishment. Parents would publicly beat their children for transgressions while husbands and wives would be required to punish each other. In this way, each person was made personally responsible for the action and had to find a way to justify and rationalise it. In this way, Jones was able to become more and more brutal in his punishments as each member had learned to internalise the belief that such punishments were necessary and just. The desire to relinquish more and more control of their lives over to Jones was further encouraged by the new-found harmony and peace that committed members found in their lives. Disputes within families gradually diminished. There was no longer any cause for disagreement since the rules were clearly laid down by Jones. The everyday stress, and sometimes even turmoil, they had known in the past from the constant need to make decisions and choices was now gone. Life was easier with fewer choices.

Any idea about leaving the People's Temple was quickly dismissed by the individual for a number of reasons. Their total commitment to the church usually meant that they had isolated themselves from their family and friends, whether from lack of association or open enmity. To leave the fold of the church would mean either admitting their mistakes to family and friends or being alone without any support group. Church reaction to, and retaliation against, other defectors who were hated as traitors and enemies would also make leaving difficult. To deliberately put themselves into a situation of being despised by their friends was extremely daunting, especially when for so long the People's Temple had come to be seen as the only safe haven from an evil world. The final barrier to emancipation was economic. Each individual had surrendered all of his or her possessions and income to the People's Temple. To leave would mean to abandon all the possessions they had, leaving them penniless and homeless. Staying could easily be justified, and the consequences seem more appealing than what could be faced outside. The individual's isolation from any outside forces meant that even when they disagreed with the teachings or actions of the group, that disagreement was nowhere confirmed. With no support or agreement from another source, the individual would soon repress his own reservations. This process was made doubly effective, as each person was required to report any expressions of disagreement or dissatisfaction to Jones. Children would report their parents, husbands their wives, and parents their own children. It was not safe to trust anyone with your negative feelings, to do so would risk the public humiliation and severe punishments meted out for such "offenses." At "Jonestown" this isolation was even more extreme. The community was situated in the middle of a jungle with armed guards along the few roads that led to civilisation. Even if one succeeded in leaving the complex, he had no passport, papers or money to help him to escape. When Ryan and his delegation arrived at "Jonestown," anyone who wanted to leave had the option of doing so openly without the normal threats to their safety, yet only fifteen chose to do so. This is a strong indication of the effectiveness of Jones's indoctrination.

The man they called "the father" -

Jim Jones was born in Lyn, Indiana in 1931 during the Great Depression. As his parents struggled to eke out an existence, Jones was free to explore the world around him. At an early age he happened upon a Pentecostal congregation known as the Gospel Tabernacle, made up mainly of people who had moved to the area from Kentucky and Tennessee. The church and its members dwelt on the fringes of the community and were known as "holy-rollers" and "tongues people" by the more conservative community of Lyn. By his early teens, Jones was no longer interested in the normal activities of the other boys. He was much more interested in the emotional and religious fervour he found at the Gospel Tabernacle. Here he learned about spiritual healing and was soon receiving praise for his preaching.

In 1947 at the age of sixteen, Jones was preaching on street corners in both black and white neighbourhoods, sharing the wisdom and knowledge that he believed he possessed and was obliged to share with others. He believed in the brotherhood of man, regardless of social standing or race. His sympathies lay with the poor and the downtrodden. Jones considered himself a leader among his peers and looked down upon the behaviour of other boys his age that he considered frivolous and sinful. Yet, he strongly feared rejection and would retaliate angrily at any adverse criticism or disagreement that he saw as betrayal. An example of this was when his best friend chose to go home rather than comply with Jones's demands. As his friend walked away, Jones grabbed his father's gun and shot at the boy's fast retreating figure. During his high school years, Jones first became interested in the lives of powerful and influential men, taking a special interest in Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. By the time he met his future wife, Marceline, in his late teens, he had already developed a keen knowledge and concern for social issues and world events. Marceline was a student nurse at the hospital where Jones worked part-time. They married after Jones graduated from high school with honours and began college. The first years of their marriage were very stormy. Jones was insecure and domineering. His greatest fear, that of being abandoned by the ones he cared about, caused him to be jealous of any attention Marceline gave to anyone else. Jones's constant emotional explosions and tirades were extremely difficult for Marceline, but her belief that marriage was a lifetime commitment caused her to endure. Throughout this period, Jones began to question his faith, finding it difficult to reconcile his belief in a loving and merciful God with the reality of suffering and poverty he saw around him. He now proclaimed that there was no God. He expected Marceline to share his new wisdom and threatened to committ suicide if she continued to pray. He softened his view in 1952 when the Methodists, the denomination of the church that Marceline attended, displayed a social conscience in line with his own beliefs. The church espoused the rights of minorities and worked toward putting an end to poverty. The Methodists' opposition to unemployment and support for collective bargaining for workers and security for the aged particularly impressed Jones.

In the same year, while continuing his college studies, Jones accepted a position as student pastor at the Somerset Methodist Church in a less affluent, mostly white neighbourhood in southern Indianapolis. Secretly, Jones visited a number of African-American churches in the area and invited those he met there to his own services and into his home. During this time Jones attempted to adopt Marceline's cousin, who had been living with them since they rescued him from a foster home. The twelve-year-old boy was not happy about this decision and resisted. Jones told him that any thought of returning to his mother was hopeless as she was unfit and didn't love him. After visiting his mother, the boy believed differently. In an emotional rage, Jones attempted to impose his will upon the boy, but he would not be swayed. He returned to live with his mother and refused to see Jones when he came to visit. Within a couple of years, Jones was successfully preaching at Pentecostal meetings at other churches, drawing large crowds with his healings and miracles. This success led him to leave The Somerset Methodist Church and begin his own church. By 1956, he moved his congregation to larger premises and began calling his activities a "movement" and his church the "People's Temple." His emotional style and preaching of integration and equality were unusual qualities in a white preacher in the mid-fifties and Jones's congregation did not provide the strong financial backing needed to increase his influence. Despite its lack of numbers, Jones's church established a soup kitchen and advocated giving shelter to the needy and the adoption of children. At this time, Jones and Marceline adopted a black child and a Korean orphan as well as giving birth to a son. The intensity of the Cold War in the mid-fifties influenced Jones considerably and he believed that Communism could best be fought with communalism. He was able to Christianise his burgeoning political beliefs by referring to biblical passages about people selling their possessions. Jones's good works and belief in civil rights was soon rewarded by his appointment as head of the Indianapolis Human Rights Commission. His radical beliefs and actions at this time brought many complaints and criticisms from the conservative sectors of the community. Jones began to relate to local newspapers, stories of harassment and threats to his life, although none of his claims could be substantiated by police inquiries. Coincidentally, it was as criticism of his politics was heightening that Jones had a "vision" of nuclear attack. Believing that the Midwest was the most likely target of such an attack, Jones began looking for a "safer" place to move his congregation. Leaving his congregation in the hands of his assistants, Jones went in search of the ideal location. He travelled to Hawaii and then Brazil where he stayed for two years, teaching English to support himself. It was during his return trip from Brazil that Jones first visited Guayana where he was impressed by the socialist doctrines of the government.

In 1965, two years after his return to Indianapolis, Jones moved with 140 of his followers to Ukiah in Mendicino County, California, because he had read in Esquire magazine that the area would be safe in the event of a nuclear attack. Once they were settled, Jones found part-time work as a teacher and Marceline worked as a social worker at Mendicino State hospital. They had not been there long before Marceline decided she wanted to end their marriage. Jones's extra-marital sexual encounters had become more frequent since the move to California and his lust for power and control had increased dramatically. Their son Stephan had little respect for his father because of his hypocrisy. He made rules to satisfy his own whims, yet lived up to none of them himself. Jones was using a variety of drugs to control his emotional ups and downs including Quaaludes, which Stephan used to try to kill himself. In 1968, with his family falling apart and his congregation only numbering 68, Jones applied for, and was granted, affiliation with the Disciples of Christ, a denomination that boasted 1.5 million members. With very little supervision from the church administration, Jones was able to ignore its requirement for Holy Communion and baptism; instead he preached socialism and baptized new members "in the holy name of socialism." Being a member of a recognised church gave Jones tax exemptions and higher esteem. His congregation quickly grew to 300. Jones and his followers spent much of their time promoting the church and its good works, not only in the community but also across the country. Over 30,000 copies of a newsletter were sent nationwide every month and Jones began radio broadcasting, ensuring that his good works would be known by all. By 1973, his congregation had grown to two and a half thousand and had spread to San Francisco and Los Angeles where he began to preach as well.

In 1974, Jones obtained permission from the government of Guyana to begin building a commune on a 300-acre allotment, 140 miles from Georgetown. The lease was signed and Jones named the commune "Jonestown". With some of his followers already living at the commune site, Jones decided to visit Georgetown and publicise himself there. Members of his staff approached Father Andrew Morrison to gain permission for Jones to give a service at the Catholic Sacred Church. Ill-informed of the nature of Jones's preaching, Father Morrison and others who attended were horrified by the obviously fake healings and miracles that occurred. Disappointed, Jones returned to California where the reception for his staged antics was much more favourable. Staff members, usually intellectuals with a strong mystical bent, would pilfer the garbage of temple members to glean information Jones could use to fake clairvoyance in his meetings. Potential Temple members were invited to small meetings where they were carefully screened. Anyone who appeared to be too politically conservative was excluded from further involvement, while those with anti-establishment attitudes and sympathy with Pentecostal type services were welcomed. These criteria meant that the majority of recruits were African-American, the uneducated and the poor. In response to Jones's teaching of Christian communalism, Temple members pooled their incomes and turned their property over to the People's Temple to be sold, in return they received room, board and a two-dollar a week allowance. Jones preached that only through socialism could anyone achieve perfect freedom, justice and equality. According to Jones, socialism was the manifestation of God. His miracles, healing of the sick and care for the poor were all proof that he was Christ incarnate. Jones saw himself as a social revolutionary despite the fact that his own organisation was anything but socialistic. There was no collective leadership and his staff, nearly all white, was not able to question his ideas. There was one source of authority only - Jim Jones.

Jones's dualism and hypocrisy were reflected in his teachings on sexual relationships. He believed in sexual liberation yet advocated marriage. He attacked marriage without sexual freedom as being counter-revolutionary; any spouse who reacted jealously over their partner's sexual infidelity was attacked openly. At the same time he preached the virtues of celibacy and the sexuality of all members were under attack. Each person was required to confess their sexual practices and fantasies, while women were required to publicly complain about their husband's lovemaking. Jones told his congregation that he was the only true heterosexual, yet in private he sodomised a man, justifying his actions as being the only way to prove to that man that he was really homosexual.

In December 1973, Jones was arrested in MacArthur Park, a known meeting place for homosexuals, and booked for lewd conduct. Although the charges were dismissed, Jones was required to sign a document admitting that there was good reason for the arrest. Jones was able to keep his arrest a secret and continued to gain acceptance in the San Francisco area. Left-wing groups welcomed him for his support of progressive causes and anti-establishment teachings. Temple members worked in political campaigns in San Francisco and Jones cultivated relationships with a variety of powerful political figures, using his large congregation and large accumulation of People's Temple funds to cement his influence. While his outside influence was growing and his control over his congregation was almost unbroken, Jones was not able to prevent all negative criticism directed at the People's Temple, although he did attempt to do so. He had members of his congregation take jobs in some of the leading newspapers in the area to warn him of any plans to print negative material about him.

Before the papers could take the story to print, Jones would begin threatening them with legal action. Any of his opponents who persisted in discrediting him would soon receive threatening mail and be awoken in the middle of the night with threatening phone calls. Defectors from the Temple were too terrified to tell of their negative experiences with Jones, as they were constantly threatened with grave punishments. Having been well experienced in Jones's punishments and his uncontrollable anger towards anyone who dared to leave him, defectors believed that he would make good his threats if they pushed him. Grace Stoen, the wife of Tim Stoen who was the Temple's Lawyer, experienced first hand Jones's wrath when she dared to leave the community because of the brutal beating of a member who had criticised Jones. Jones was outraged at her betrayal in light of "all that he had done for her." With Tim's support, Jones began a fierce custody battle for the Stoens's son, whom Jones falsely claimed was his own. It was this custody battle, along with a growing number of complaints from ex-members and relatives of members, which caused a great deal of public attention to become focused on the People's Temple. With the mounting negative publicity, Jones's paranoia became even more exaggerated and he began to prepare his congregation for the final move to Guyana. Once in Guyana, Jones was able to maintain control over his community of followers without the conflicting input of outside agencies. Confined to the 300-acre property with no money or passports, Jones was guaranteed that no more of his followers could abandon him. He could now be in complete control of his people. When that control was again threatened by the departure of fifteen more people with Leo Ryan's party, Jones's vengeful act of murder at the airport was typical of Jones throughout his life. The order for the mass-suicide was his means to gain ultimate control, if he could not have control of his people in life, he would have it in death!

A sinister connections?

Although the official explanation of the events at "Jonestown" has been widely accepted by the American people, there are many that question its truth. From the moment the first reports of the massacre were released, various theories of the real events leading to the tragedy began to circulate. The most prevalent of these was that the CIA was somehow involved. According to one of these theories, "Jonestown" was a continuation of a CIA mind-control program that infiltrated cults, such as The People's Temple, to carry out their experiments. CIA theorists claim that Jim Jones had many questionable associations with the CIA throughout the years he was establishing The People's Temple. The most significant association is Jones's supposed friendship with Dan Mitrione that dated back to their childhood years. Dan Mitrione was the local police chief in the early days of Jones's "ministry" in Indianapolis. Mitrione later entered the International Police Academy, supposedly a CIA front for training in counterinsurgency and torture techniques. Coincidentally, when Jones left with his wife to live in Brazil, despite his apparent lack of financial resources, Mitrione was already living there. Jones is purported to have made several visits to Belo Horizonte where the CIA's Brazilian headquarters was situated and Mitrione resided. CIA theorists report that Jones's neighbours in Brazil state that Jones had told them that he was employed by the US Office of Naval Intelligence who supplied him with transport, living expenses and a large home in which he "lived like a rich man." Soon after his return to America, with $10,000, Jones moved the People's Temple to California. Here he began building the People's Temple communal facilities and, without any trained medical personnel or the usual licensing, was able to run a nursing home. During this time Jones allegedly adopted 150 foster children, most of whom were sent to the People's Temple by court order. The Temple had a strong association with the World Vision organisation that many conspiracy theorists believe to be another CIA front, and had as a consultant, a mercenary from the rebel army UNITA, supposedly backed by the CIA.

· Other supposed CIA connections with "Jonestown" include the allegations that:

· Richard Dwyer's name had appeared in the publication Who's Who In The CIA

· US Ambassador John Burke and another embassy official, Richard McCoy, had strong links with the CIA

· The Georgetown CIA station was situated in the US Embassy building

· Dan Webber, sent to Guyana immediately after the massacre, was with the CIA and

· Joseph Blatchford, the officially appointed attorney for the "Jonestown" survivors, was involved in a scandal involving CIA infiltration of the Peace Corps.

The involvement of Larry Layton in the ambush of Ryan and his party also provokes great interest from the CIA theorists because of his family background. Layton's father was Dr Laurence Laird Layton who had been the chief of the army's Chemical Warfare Division during the 1950's. It had also been Larry Layton's brother-in-law, the UNITA link, who had negotiated with the Guayana government, on behalf of Jones, for the establishment of "Jonestown." Another point, which CIA theorists use to support their beliefs, is the fact that, despite the growing controversy surrounding the People's Temple, Jones's move to "Jonestown" was given full support from the American Embassy in Guyana.

Leo Ryan's murder is seen by many as being much more sinister than the hysterical behaviour of a madman. Leo Ryan had been a strong critic of the CIA and was the author of the Hughes-Ryan Amendment, which, if passed, would have required that the CIA report to Congress on all of its covert operations before they commenced. Soon after Ryan's death, the Hughes-Ryan Amendment was quashed in Congress. The question conspiracy theorists ask is whether Ryan was killed in order to reach this objective and the massacre at "Jonestown" merely a smoke screen to distract attention away from Ryan's murder? Witnesses at the airport, where Ryan and four others were murdered, described the gunmen as being "glassy eyed", "mechanically-walking zombies" who were "devoid of emotion." The question CIA theorists would like answered is who were these people? The official report stated that there were approximately 1100 people at "Jonestown" at the time of the massacre but other reports claim that there were closer to 1200. Of this number there were 913 dead bodies found and 167 survivors. Twenty people, if the 1100 figure is correct, are left unaccounted for. If they were the assassins, where are they now? Also unaccounted for, and never referred to in news reports, are the armed guards who were present in "Jonestown" but were free to come and go from the compound. A congressional aide may have been referring to these men in an Associated Press quote "There are 120 white, brainwashed assassins out from Jonestown, awaiting the trigger word to pick up their hit." Such a possibility seems to be confirmed for the theorists by a number of unusual deaths that have occurred since the "Jonestown" massacre. The first of these occurred in Georgetown at the People's Temple headquarters at the same time as the "Jonestown" massacre. Charles Beikman, an early Jim Jones follower who had become an "adopted son" was found to be responsible. Apparently, Beikman was also a Green Beret, of which there were over 300 in Guyana at the time on a "training exercise."

9 days after "Jonestown," San Francisco Mayor George Mascone and Supervisor Harvey Milk were killed. Both men had received financial support from Jones while he was in San Francisco and were involved in an ongoing investigation into their involvement in the disappearance of People's Temple funds. Dan White, described as being in a "zombie state" at the time of the killings, murdered them. White's lawyers attempted to defend their client by stating that White had been temporarily insane due to the effects of eating too much sugar, a defence which was mockingly known as the "Twinkie defence." Some time later, Michael Prokes, a former member of the People's Temple, informed a press conference, held in his motel room, that the CIA and FBI were secretly holding an audiotape of the "Jonestown" massacre and that he was an FBI informant. Immediately following his announcement, Prokes went into the bathroom where he supposedly committed suicide. Jeanne and Alan Mills, People's Temple members who had defected before the move to Guyana, were found bound and killed in their home almost a year after the "Jonestown" massacre. They had written a book about the People's Temple and had expressed their belief that they would eventually be murdered. Official reports state that the Mills probably knew their murderers, as there were no signs of forced entry or struggle. Their son was at home at the time of the murders but somehow escaped death. The case continues to remain unsolved. The final area of concern in the "Jonestown" massacre regards the official US decision not to conduct autopsies on the victims of the massacre; the reason given was that the cause of death was readily apparent. The results of pathology examinations conducted by Guyanese coroner Leslie Mootoo however, revealed his belief that as many as 700 of the victims were murders, not suicides. Mootoo claims that in a 32-hour period he, and his assistants, examined the bodies of 137 victims. They had all been injected with cyanide in areas of their bodies, which could not have been reached by their own hand, such as between the shoulder blades; many other victims had been shot. Charles Huff, one of the seven Green Berets who were the first American troops on the scene following the massacre, claimed that "We saw many bullet wounds as well as wounds from crossbow bolts." Those who were shot appeared to have been running toward the jungle, away from the compound, at the time they were shot. The discrepancy in the numbers of dead in the first reports, and the final figure had led many to speculate that approximately five hundred people had escaped the first spate of killings and escaped into the jungle, but were then hunted down and murdered. The descriptions of witnesses to the layout of the bodies, and the fact that there were obvious signs that many of the bodies had been dragged to their final resting place, tends to contradict the 'official' explanation that at the first counting five hundred bodies had been concealed by the other 408 bodies.

Epilogue -

Twenty-one years have passed since the tragedy of "Jonestown" occurred and still many wonder at how it came about. For many, the possibility that one man could manipulate so many people to such a great extent is incomprehensible. They look to a variety of sources to explain the apparently unexplainable, in a vain attempt to satisfy the need for understanding. Unfortunately, the processes that had been at work in the People's Temple for many years, ultimately leading to the mass suicide and murders of 913 of its member, are not unique to this particular group. We are social creatures who need to feel that we belong to something greater than ourselves and rely heavily upon the approval of others to measure our worth. Such a situation leaves us vulnerable to others, quickly changing our viewpoints to fit in with those around us, denying our own instinctive values and beliefs when faced with the conflicting views of others. People such as Jim Jones, driven by their own insatiable need to be accepted and loved, have an instinctive knowledge of the weaknesses of others and how to manipulate them to their own advantage.

Whether "Jonestown" was the result of some heinous experiment in mind control or not, cannot be fully determined one way or the other without stronger evidence, but the cloud of mystery will continue to hang over the incident until all of the documentation collected during the investigations have been revealed. At the time that it released its report, the US State Department chose to withhold over 8000 documents pertaining to "Jonestown" for a number of years. After many legal battles, it was determined that these documents should be released. Perhaps, as the information in these documents becomes available some of the mystery will be solved.

As always, stay safe

- Bird

Powered By Blogger

Labels

Abduction (2) Abuse (3) Advertisement (1) Agency By City (1) Agency Service Provided Beyond Survival Sexual Assault (1) Aggressive Driving (1) Alcohol (1) ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (2) Anti-Fraud (2) Aspartame (1) Assault (1) Auto Theft Prevention (9) Better Life (1) Books (1) Bribery (1) Bullying (1) Burglary (30) Car Theft (8) Carjackng (2) Child Molestation (5) Child Sexual Abuse (1) Child Abuse (2) Child Kidnapping (3) Child Porn (1) Child Rape (3) Child Safety (18) Child Sexual Abuse (9) Child Violence (1) Classification of Crime (1) Club Drugs (1) College (1) Computer (4) Computer Criime (4) Computer Crime (8) Confessions (2) CONFESSIONS (7) Cons (2) Credit Card Scams (2) Crime (11) Crime Index (3) Crime Prevention Tips (14) Crime Tips (31) Criminal Activity (1) Criminal Behavior (3) Crimm (1) Cyber-Stalking (2) Dating Violence (1) Deviant Behavior (6) Domestic Violence (7) E-Scams And Warnings (1) Elder Abuse (9) Elder Scams (1) Empathy (1) Extortion (1) Eyeballing a Shopping Center (1) Facebook (9) Fakes (1) Family Security (1) Fat People (1) FBI (1) Federal Law (1) Financial (2) Fire (1) Fraud (9) FREE (4) Fun and Games (1) Global Crime on World Wide Net (1) Golden Rules (1) Government (1) Guilt (2) Hackers (1) Harassment (1) Help (2) Help Needed (1) Home Invasion (2) How to Prevent Rape (1) ID Theft (96) Info. (1) Intent (1) Internet Crime (6) Internet Fraud (1) Internet Fraud and Scams (7) Internet Predators (1) Internet Security (30) Jobs (1) Kidnapping (1) Larceny (2) Laughs (3) Law (1) Medician and Law (1) Megans Law (1) Mental Health (1) Mental Health Sexual (1) Misc. (11) Missing Cash (5) Missing Money (1) Moner Matters (1) Money Matters (1) Money Saving Tips (11) Motive (1) Murder (1) Note from Birdy (1) Older Adults (1) Opinion (1) Opinions about this article are Welcome. (1) Personal Note (2) Personal Security and Safety (12) Porn (1) Prevention (2) Price of Crime (1) Private Life (1) Protect Our Kids (1) Protect Yourself (1) Protection Order (1) Psychopath (1) Psychopathy (1) Psychosis (1) PTSD (2) Punishment (1) Quoted Text (1) Rape (66) Ravishment (4) Read Me (1) Recovery (1) Regret (1) Religious Rape (1) Remorse (1) Road Rage (1) Robbery (5) Safety (2) SCAM (19) Scams (62) Schemes (1) Secrets (2) Security Threats (1) Serial Killer (2) Serial Killer/Rapist (4) Serial Killers (2) Sexual Assault (16) Sexual Assault - Spanish Version (3) Sexual Assault against Females (5) Sexual Education (1) Sexual Harassment (1) Sexual Trauma. (4) Shame (1) Sociopath (2) Sociopathy (1) Spam (6) Spyware (1) SSN's (4) Stalking (1) State Law (1) Stress (1) Survival (2) Sympathy (1) Tax Evasion (1) Theft (13) this Eve (1) Tips (13) Tips on Prevention (14) Travel (5) Tricks (1) Twitter (1) Unemployment (1) Victim (1) Victim Rights (9) Victimization (1) Violence against Women (1) Violence. (3) vs. (1) Vulnerable Victims (1) What Not To Buy (2)