Yuav ua li cas yog North America lub feem ntau txaus ntshai (non-human) plaub? Grizzly Dais? Yeej Lewis thiab Clark rau lawv txoj kev mus rau lub hiav txwv Pacific rau hauv 1804 xav li ntawd. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1800s, ib txhia 50,000 Grizzlies roamed rau sab hnub poob tebchaws United States, tab sis lawv cov pejxeem tau tam sim no tshem tawm mus rau ib ncig ntawm 1,000 nyob rau hauv lub qis 48 lub xeev. Bears, grizzly thiab dub, tua 128 tus neeg nyob rau hauv North America nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. Yuav ua li cas hais txog roob tom tsov ntxhuav? Lus ceeb toom uas roob tom tsov ntxhuav lurk nyob rau hauv lub toj thiab tos tawm cov poj niam txoj kev bikers yeej ntsawj txias heev cov ntshav. Muaj 14 tuag nyob rau hauv North America raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub roob tsov ntxhuav tawm tsam nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th.
Tsis muaj, muaj lwm zeej roaming America lub pem hav zoov uas yog nyob deb ntau txaus ntshai tshaj cov loj ua npua. Feem ntau txaus ntshai plaub nyob rau hauv North America yog ... Bambi. Lub US Department of Tsheb thauj mus los kwv yees tias dawb-tailed mos lwj tua nyob ib ncig ntawm 130 Americans txhua xyoo tsuas yog ua tsheb xwm txheej. Nyob rau hauv 12012, cov predator mos lwj muaj ib tug chij xyoo, ua 396 tib neeg tuag nyob rau hauv lub tsheb wrecks.
Muaj txog 2.75 lab mos lwj / tsheb sib tsoo xyoos ib zaug, resulting nyob rau hauv 68,000 tib neeg raug mob thiab ntau tshaj $ 3 billion nyob rau hauv kev tuav pov hwm neeg pab leg ntaubntawv nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau tus tuag tus xov tooj hu. Mos lwj tseem nqa lub zuam uas kis tus kab mob Lyme mus txog 21,000 tus neeg txhua xyoo. Economic kev puas tsuaj rau ua liaj ua teb, cav ntoo, thiab landscaping los ntawm cov mos lwj naj npawb tag nrho ntau tshaj $ 7.4 billion ib xyoos.
Qhov teeb meem, raws li ze li ntawm tej suburbanite nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj United States paub, yog hais tias mos lwj coob yog exploding. Soj ntsuam ntawm kwv yees tias ua ntej mus rau lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm European settlers, dawb-tailed mos lwj suav nruab nrab ntawm 27 thiab 41 lab. Los ntawm thaum ntxov 1900 tus, mos lwj coob tau poob rau nruab nrab ntawm 300,000 thiab 500,000 tsiaj. Qhov no pejxeem tsoo yog ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev ua lag luam mus yos hav zoov, uas yog, tua thiab muag cov tsiaj mus Butchers.
Nyob rau hauv 1900, lub tso cai ntawm tsoom fwv teb chaws Lacey Act, (raug nplua nyob rau hauv: 16 United States Code, Subsecs. 3371-3378 [16 USC §§ 3371-3378]), txwv tsis pub lub xeev tsheb nyob rau hauv qus kev ua si coj nyob rau hauv kev ua txhaum lub xeev txoj cai, zoo tas kev ua lag luam mus yos hav zoov. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, hais zoo li Pennsylvania thiab Virginia tsim kev ua si nqe uas restocked mos lwj thiab txwv tsis pub cov mus yos hav zoov ntawm tsis. Ua ntej lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm settlers, ua npua zoo li hma, Dais, thiab Native American zoov, tau khaws cia mos lwj coob nyob rau hauv daim tshev.
Tom qab lawv Nadir nyob rau hauv 1900, mos lwj coob pib zoo, nce mus nyob ib ncig ntawm 54 lab cov tsiaj niaj hnub no. Lub xeev kev ua si nqe 'constituents yog chiefly neeg tua tsiaj. Txij li thaum zoov xav tau ntau tshaj mos lwj, cov chaw ua hauj lwm tau ib txwm muaj kev tswj mos lwj nyob rau hauv yuav ua kom cov lawv xov tooj. Qhov no txhais tau tias thaum nyuam qhuav, zoov yuav tua bucks tiam sis tsis ua li. Nyob rau hauv ib co chaw, lub tsis outnumber lub bucks ntawm ib ncig 30-rau-1.
Mos lwj overpopulation harms ntuj ecosystems. Nyob rau hauv high school mos lwj ceev chaw, mos lwj browsing tiv thaiv lub tsuaj ntawm forests li mos lwj noj ze li ntawm tag nrho cov ntoo yub, ua kom puas hav zoov understory nroj tsuag, thiab txo zuag qhia tag nrho cov tsiaj richness. Kev tshawb fawb ntau pom tias mos lwj browsing ho thiaj li songbird xov tooj los ntawm kev rhuav tseg lawv yeej.
Yog li ntawd yuav ua li cas los tiv thaiv peb tus kheej los ntawm no txaus ntshai plaub? Ib co ntau squeamish suburbanites, uas feem ntau plob hav zoov rau lawv steaks thiab nqaij mos lwj tsuav nyob rau hauv zos supermarket, hais siv pov. Thiab nyob rau hauv nroog loj cov chaw, tshuaj thaiv tsis tsis ua hauj lwm. "Shooting mos lwj nyob rau hauv lub nroog chaw ua si thiab mev yog tsis raug cai, unwise, tsis zoo, thiab laj mej pej xeem yeej tsis tsim nyog," hais tias Mr. Jay Kirkpatrick, tus thawj coj ntawm Zoo Montana tus Science thiab Biology txuag Program. Mr. Kirkpatrick tau tsim ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv siv porcine zona pellucida proteins (npua proteins koos npua qe) uas ua rau cov mos lwj tsis muaj system los tsim tshuaj uas thaiv lub qe fertilization. Yuav zoo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau txhaj, feem ntau ntawm dart phom, mus rau hauv mos lwj plaub mus rau tsib lub sij hawm li ob peb lub xyoos, uas yog ib tug cev tsis ua hauj lwm, muab cov mos lwj ntev pejxeem niaj hnub no.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau ntse txo cov xov tooj ntawm cov mos lwj rau hluav taws kub Island nyob rau hauv New York los ntawm 50% tshaj ib tug 7 xyoo lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1990, thiab los ntawm 40% nyob rau ntawm lub National Institute ntawm Standards thiab Technology tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Gaithersburg, Maryland, tshaj lub 5 xyoo lub sij hawm. Mr. Kirkpatrick sau ntawv nrog dismay uas lub xeev kev ua si commission bureaucrats tsis kam siv tshuaj thaiv tsis nyob hauv lub xeev-tswj nroog pawg neeg thaj av vim hais tias lawv saib xyuas constituents ntshai hais tias tsiaj cai activists yuav sim yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv dawb-xws li hav zoov mos lwj coob. Mr. Kirkpatrick ntxiv sau ntawv hais tias nws chaw ua tsuas 4,000 rau 5,000 koob tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txhua xyoo thiab hais tias hnab looj qaus txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog lig tsis tsim nyog rau kev tswj mos lwj coob rau wildlands.
Neeg yos hav zoov ib txwm xav tua bucks nrog loj poob lawm ntawm tus khub.
Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los xyoo pua, lub xeev kev ua si managers tau ntxias kom zoov tawm tsis nyob ib leeg rau cov me nyuam. Txawm li cas los, ib lub qhov kev pab cuam hu ua Zoo Tua Tsiaj Ecology advocated los ntawm Mr. Brent Haglund, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub Xuab zeb County Foundation [www.sandcountyfoundation.net/] nyob rau hauv Wisconsin, tau raug txais yuav los ntawm ib co xeev. Lub tswv yim yog neeg yos hav zoov yuav tsum tau tua ob tug tsis ua ntej lawv yuav tua ib tug phaw.
Qhov kev pab no yuav txo tau cov naj npawb ntawm fertile pojniam. Ib khees sab nyhuv ntawm muaj tsawg dua poj niam mos lwj yog tias testosterone theem sawv nyob rau hauv bucks uas yuav tsum sib tw rau kev nkag mus rau lub seem maum, yog li ua rau lawv loj trophy tsiaj. Preliminary tau ntawm lub zoo Tua Ecology kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv Wisconsin qhia hais tias nws txo tus mos lwj pejxeem thiab txhim kho hav zoov zoo. Pennsylvania kuj txais ib tug zoo li kev pab cuam, thiab lwm yam States yog researching lub tswv yim.
Txawm li cas los, Donald Leal, uas yog ib tug senior associate nyob rau ntawm lub Political Economy Kev tshawb fawb Center [http://www.perc.org/], nyob rau hauv Bozeman, Montana (ib tug ib puag ncig xav tank), tau advocated ib tug txawm ntau radical daws qhov teeb meem mos lwj overpopulation: ib tug rov qab mus ua lag luam mus yos hav zoov. Mr. Leal ntsiab lus tawm hais tias cov Hmoob yog vim li cas muaj ib tug mos lwj teeb meem yog neeg yos hav zoov xav kom txhij li lawv cov kev pab cuam, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus nab npawb ntawm cov mos lwj muaj rau lawv tua. Yog li ntawd kev ua si nqe tau txais kev cai uas ua li ntawd.
Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg hais tias Mr. Leal yog tsis tawm suab ib tug rov qab mus rau qhib kev Commons uas prevailed nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, uas coj mus rau lub ntxhab poob nyob rau hauv mos lwj coob. Tab sis Mr. Leal tsis xav hais tias ib tug system qauv rau ib tug neeg tradable phiaj (siv los tswj ib co fisheries) yuav pab kom mos lwj coob noj qab nyob zoo thiab nyob rau hauv daim tshev.
Txoj cai tam sim no, nws txhaum txoj cai rau zoov muag lawv tshaj kev ua si rau leej twg. Qhov no chov ua rau absurdities zoo li lub fact tias ze li ntawm tag nrho cov nqaij mos lwj tsuav tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv America lub finest khw noj mov yog imported. Mr. Leal qhia tias lub xeev kev ua si nqe yuav txiav txim tau pab tsiaj ntau thiab tsawg pab thiab ces muag phiaj mus plob hav zoov rau ib tug neeg yos hav zoov uas, outfitters, thiab tsev noj mov cooperatives rau cov dhau heev lawm. Thiab Mr. Leal ntsiab lus tawm hais tias nws lub tsev lub xeev, Montana, twb muag lais xees mus plob hav zoov heev nyuj elk rau uas tsis yog-neeg uas nyob rau ib ncig ntawm $ 1,000.
Cov nom tswv obstacle mus rov tsim kom muaj kev ua lag luam mus yos hav zoov los ntawm kev tsim ib qhov kev ua si quota system yog neeg yos hav zoov yuav fiercely txheem nws. Lawv tsis xav txo mos lwj herds. Tab sis tej zaum lub nroog dwellers thiab suburbanites, nkees ntawm ramming mos lwj nrog lawv cov tsheb thiab saib lawv landscaping tsum muab mus rau hauv mos lwj pellets, yuav muaj ib hnub, yuav muaj peev xwm outvote tus saib xyuas? Chaw tos txais thiab restore ua lag luam incentives rau kev tswj cov tsiaj qus. Ces Bambi yuav tsis tua li ntawd muaj coob tus neeg los yog ua rau npaum li ntawd puas tsuaj rau peb lub teb chaws thiab lub xeev Forests. - Noog
Tsis muaj, muaj lwm zeej roaming America lub pem hav zoov uas yog nyob deb ntau txaus ntshai tshaj cov loj ua npua. Feem ntau txaus ntshai plaub nyob rau hauv North America yog ... Bambi. Lub US Department of Tsheb thauj mus los kwv yees tias dawb-tailed mos lwj tua nyob ib ncig ntawm 130 Americans txhua xyoo tsuas yog ua tsheb xwm txheej. Nyob rau hauv 12012, cov predator mos lwj muaj ib tug chij xyoo, ua 396 tib neeg tuag nyob rau hauv lub tsheb wrecks.
Muaj txog 2.75 lab mos lwj / tsheb sib tsoo xyoos ib zaug, resulting nyob rau hauv 68,000 tib neeg raug mob thiab ntau tshaj $ 3 billion nyob rau hauv kev tuav pov hwm neeg pab leg ntaubntawv nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau tus tuag tus xov tooj hu. Mos lwj tseem nqa lub zuam uas kis tus kab mob Lyme mus txog 21,000 tus neeg txhua xyoo. Economic kev puas tsuaj rau ua liaj ua teb, cav ntoo, thiab landscaping los ntawm cov mos lwj naj npawb tag nrho ntau tshaj $ 7.4 billion ib xyoos.
Qhov teeb meem, raws li ze li ntawm tej suburbanite nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj United States paub, yog hais tias mos lwj coob yog exploding. Soj ntsuam ntawm kwv yees tias ua ntej mus rau lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm European settlers, dawb-tailed mos lwj suav nruab nrab ntawm 27 thiab 41 lab. Los ntawm thaum ntxov 1900 tus, mos lwj coob tau poob rau nruab nrab ntawm 300,000 thiab 500,000 tsiaj. Qhov no pejxeem tsoo yog ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev ua lag luam mus yos hav zoov, uas yog, tua thiab muag cov tsiaj mus Butchers.
Nyob rau hauv 1900, lub tso cai ntawm tsoom fwv teb chaws Lacey Act, (raug nplua nyob rau hauv: 16 United States Code, Subsecs. 3371-3378 [16 USC §§ 3371-3378]), txwv tsis pub lub xeev tsheb nyob rau hauv qus kev ua si coj nyob rau hauv kev ua txhaum lub xeev txoj cai, zoo tas kev ua lag luam mus yos hav zoov. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, hais zoo li Pennsylvania thiab Virginia tsim kev ua si nqe uas restocked mos lwj thiab txwv tsis pub cov mus yos hav zoov ntawm tsis. Ua ntej lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm settlers, ua npua zoo li hma, Dais, thiab Native American zoov, tau khaws cia mos lwj coob nyob rau hauv daim tshev.
Tom qab lawv Nadir nyob rau hauv 1900, mos lwj coob pib zoo, nce mus nyob ib ncig ntawm 54 lab cov tsiaj niaj hnub no. Lub xeev kev ua si nqe 'constituents yog chiefly neeg tua tsiaj. Txij li thaum zoov xav tau ntau tshaj mos lwj, cov chaw ua hauj lwm tau ib txwm muaj kev tswj mos lwj nyob rau hauv yuav ua kom cov lawv xov tooj. Qhov no txhais tau tias thaum nyuam qhuav, zoov yuav tua bucks tiam sis tsis ua li. Nyob rau hauv ib co chaw, lub tsis outnumber lub bucks ntawm ib ncig 30-rau-1.
Mos lwj overpopulation harms ntuj ecosystems. Nyob rau hauv high school mos lwj ceev chaw, mos lwj browsing tiv thaiv lub tsuaj ntawm forests li mos lwj noj ze li ntawm tag nrho cov ntoo yub, ua kom puas hav zoov understory nroj tsuag, thiab txo zuag qhia tag nrho cov tsiaj richness. Kev tshawb fawb ntau pom tias mos lwj browsing ho thiaj li songbird xov tooj los ntawm kev rhuav tseg lawv yeej.
Yog li ntawd yuav ua li cas los tiv thaiv peb tus kheej los ntawm no txaus ntshai plaub? Ib co ntau squeamish suburbanites, uas feem ntau plob hav zoov rau lawv steaks thiab nqaij mos lwj tsuav nyob rau hauv zos supermarket, hais siv pov. Thiab nyob rau hauv nroog loj cov chaw, tshuaj thaiv tsis tsis ua hauj lwm. "Shooting mos lwj nyob rau hauv lub nroog chaw ua si thiab mev yog tsis raug cai, unwise, tsis zoo, thiab laj mej pej xeem yeej tsis tsim nyog," hais tias Mr. Jay Kirkpatrick, tus thawj coj ntawm Zoo Montana tus Science thiab Biology txuag Program. Mr. Kirkpatrick tau tsim ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv siv porcine zona pellucida proteins (npua proteins koos npua qe) uas ua rau cov mos lwj tsis muaj system los tsim tshuaj uas thaiv lub qe fertilization. Yuav zoo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau txhaj, feem ntau ntawm dart phom, mus rau hauv mos lwj plaub mus rau tsib lub sij hawm li ob peb lub xyoos, uas yog ib tug cev tsis ua hauj lwm, muab cov mos lwj ntev pejxeem niaj hnub no.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau ntse txo cov xov tooj ntawm cov mos lwj rau hluav taws kub Island nyob rau hauv New York los ntawm 50% tshaj ib tug 7 xyoo lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1990, thiab los ntawm 40% nyob rau ntawm lub National Institute ntawm Standards thiab Technology tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Gaithersburg, Maryland, tshaj lub 5 xyoo lub sij hawm. Mr. Kirkpatrick sau ntawv nrog dismay uas lub xeev kev ua si commission bureaucrats tsis kam siv tshuaj thaiv tsis nyob hauv lub xeev-tswj nroog pawg neeg thaj av vim hais tias lawv saib xyuas constituents ntshai hais tias tsiaj cai activists yuav sim yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv dawb-xws li hav zoov mos lwj coob. Mr. Kirkpatrick ntxiv sau ntawv hais tias nws chaw ua tsuas 4,000 rau 5,000 koob tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txhua xyoo thiab hais tias hnab looj qaus txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog lig tsis tsim nyog rau kev tswj mos lwj coob rau wildlands.
Neeg yos hav zoov ib txwm xav tua bucks nrog loj poob lawm ntawm tus khub.
Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los xyoo pua, lub xeev kev ua si managers tau ntxias kom zoov tawm tsis nyob ib leeg rau cov me nyuam. Txawm li cas los, ib lub qhov kev pab cuam hu ua Zoo Tua Tsiaj Ecology advocated los ntawm Mr. Brent Haglund, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub Xuab zeb County Foundation [www.sandcountyfoundation.net/] nyob rau hauv Wisconsin, tau raug txais yuav los ntawm ib co xeev. Lub tswv yim yog neeg yos hav zoov yuav tsum tau tua ob tug tsis ua ntej lawv yuav tua ib tug phaw.
Qhov kev pab no yuav txo tau cov naj npawb ntawm fertile pojniam. Ib khees sab nyhuv ntawm muaj tsawg dua poj niam mos lwj yog tias testosterone theem sawv nyob rau hauv bucks uas yuav tsum sib tw rau kev nkag mus rau lub seem maum, yog li ua rau lawv loj trophy tsiaj. Preliminary tau ntawm lub zoo Tua Ecology kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv Wisconsin qhia hais tias nws txo tus mos lwj pejxeem thiab txhim kho hav zoov zoo. Pennsylvania kuj txais ib tug zoo li kev pab cuam, thiab lwm yam States yog researching lub tswv yim.
Txawm li cas los, Donald Leal, uas yog ib tug senior associate nyob rau ntawm lub Political Economy Kev tshawb fawb Center [http://www.perc.org/], nyob rau hauv Bozeman, Montana (ib tug ib puag ncig xav tank), tau advocated ib tug txawm ntau radical daws qhov teeb meem mos lwj overpopulation: ib tug rov qab mus ua lag luam mus yos hav zoov. Mr. Leal ntsiab lus tawm hais tias cov Hmoob yog vim li cas muaj ib tug mos lwj teeb meem yog neeg yos hav zoov xav kom txhij li lawv cov kev pab cuam, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus nab npawb ntawm cov mos lwj muaj rau lawv tua. Yog li ntawd kev ua si nqe tau txais kev cai uas ua li ntawd.
Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg hais tias Mr. Leal yog tsis tawm suab ib tug rov qab mus rau qhib kev Commons uas prevailed nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, uas coj mus rau lub ntxhab poob nyob rau hauv mos lwj coob. Tab sis Mr. Leal tsis xav hais tias ib tug system qauv rau ib tug neeg tradable phiaj (siv los tswj ib co fisheries) yuav pab kom mos lwj coob noj qab nyob zoo thiab nyob rau hauv daim tshev.
Txoj cai tam sim no, nws txhaum txoj cai rau zoov muag lawv tshaj kev ua si rau leej twg. Qhov no chov ua rau absurdities zoo li lub fact tias ze li ntawm tag nrho cov nqaij mos lwj tsuav tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv America lub finest khw noj mov yog imported. Mr. Leal qhia tias lub xeev kev ua si nqe yuav txiav txim tau pab tsiaj ntau thiab tsawg pab thiab ces muag phiaj mus plob hav zoov rau ib tug neeg yos hav zoov uas, outfitters, thiab tsev noj mov cooperatives rau cov dhau heev lawm. Thiab Mr. Leal ntsiab lus tawm hais tias nws lub tsev lub xeev, Montana, twb muag lais xees mus plob hav zoov heev nyuj elk rau uas tsis yog-neeg uas nyob rau ib ncig ntawm $ 1,000.
Cov nom tswv obstacle mus rov tsim kom muaj kev ua lag luam mus yos hav zoov los ntawm kev tsim ib qhov kev ua si quota system yog neeg yos hav zoov yuav fiercely txheem nws. Lawv tsis xav txo mos lwj herds. Tab sis tej zaum lub nroog dwellers thiab suburbanites, nkees ntawm ramming mos lwj nrog lawv cov tsheb thiab saib lawv landscaping tsum muab mus rau hauv mos lwj pellets, yuav muaj ib hnub, yuav muaj peev xwm outvote tus saib xyuas? Chaw tos txais thiab restore ua lag luam incentives rau kev tswj cov tsiaj qus. Ces Bambi yuav tsis tua li ntawd muaj coob tus neeg los yog ua rau npaum li ntawd puas tsuaj rau peb lub teb chaws thiab lub xeev Forests. - Noog
